Negotiation skills - QUESTIONS 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Negotiation skills - QUESTIONS 2 - probe ExampleAvoiding in a conflict situation generally means postponing, showing lack of self-assertiveness or withdrawing from issues (at present time) in order to deal with them later or in other oral communication showing reluctant behavior in terms of solving problem. However this avoidance may be deliberate in order to come up with the better solution later or for so many reasons (Trainer, 2012, p. 3).Moreover using this technique too much skunk result in creating a communication gap which further leads towards unhealthy co ordination as both parties are otiose to know the place of to each one other. Similarly if avoiding is overused it may affect the nature of the decision or stance of the other party. Likewise if avoiding is underused it may result in creating a situation which might hurt respective(prenominal)s scent as usually discretion is not very much opt by individuals. Furthermore if individual is less likely to follow avoidi ng policy he is likely to be threatened by several(a) issues and conflicts.Accommodating generally means sacrificing ones interest, goals or motives in order to give preference to others for satisfying their concerns. It can be use for number of reasons for instance if an individual is wrong and feels like correcting himself, or if a emboss in a company accommodates employees in order to give them chance so they can claim from their previous mis vexs (Trainer, 2012, p. 3).Accommodating if overused can lead towards losing of respect as employees are likely to make mistakes and take employer for granted. Moreover employer may lose his overall control over his employees because of overuse of accommodating calculate. However if this factor is underused it may result in creating trouble in so many dimensions, for instance in creating goodwill, realizing, and judge ones own mistakes.Compromising is a phase in which both parties understand each others point of view and are willing to give up

Court Procedures 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Court Procedures 3 - Essay Examples is mostly achievable through the arresting and investigating officers sworn testimony about the area where the nuisance was committed being the same area where the trial is being held. This is enough to convince the judge and control panel that the place of trial is in accordance with the constitution.Every accused individual has a right to a speedy trial as a constitutional right. There are deuce major differences among the constitutional and statutory right to a speedy trial. The first difference is that there should be a test to determine if the right was violated. In the statutory right, the test is carried out just in regards to usurpation of time periods and nothing more. However, the constitutional right examines factors such as the length of baffle, justification of that delay, the prejudice that the delay caused and whether this delay was asserted by the defendant or not. The other difference is in regards to the remedy for the rap ine of this right. The statutory right depends on the statute provided some of which indicate the defendant may be retired turn the constitutional right requires dismissal of charges and failure to retry the defendant on the offence.There are two things that are considered in regards to the psychic status of the defendant the first is insanity and the other is competency to protest trial. The two are different even though they sound similar. Insanity regards the mental state of the defendant at the time when the alleged crime took place while competence to permit trial regards the mental state of the patient during the trial which may prevent him from being tried. The competence of any individual to stand trial is protected by the Fifth as well as the Fourteenth Amendments and prevents any inexpert individual from standing trial. Proof is however needed to verify the state of mind of the defendant.The most classical thing in chapter 11 is the explanation of the role of the jud ge as well as the prosecutor which may people do not

Is Iran planning to build nuclear weapons See GI 2012, page 18, or GI Research Paper

Is Iran planning to build thermonuclear weapons See GI 2012, page 18, or GI 2013 page 203 - Research Paper ExampleThis show, Iran does not site at building the have that would be dangerous and hazardous to the global peace and regional security.The original traces come forth in form of the U.S supported government that was in place in Iran in the 1950s after a coup that took place in 1953 (Dabashi, p 73)). Although at that point, the unify States of America facilitated it based on the need for civilian purposes, yet with time the role and intentions towards building this stockpile grew suspiciously awkward.In the post 1979 Iranian scenario, Iran has had a mixed reaction towards the acquisition of nuclear armoury. Considering the Islamic outlook of the government, the official policy maintained by the government stated that the actions and building of the nuclear arsenal is against the values and spirit of Islam, for it causes direct damage and destruction to humanity, it theref ore was officially decl ared that Iran does not aim following the nuclear ambitions (Parsi, p. 144).However, time and again the indications have been such that Iran is pursuing the silent acquiring of the nuclear stock pile. This has been reported number of times in the intelligence reports that have been collected based on the evidences and other factors through the works of the intelligence agencies.The openhanded number of nuclear power plants and some of them are underground and have not been declared publically, this fact castes aspersion over the Irans intentions and brings about scruple with regard to its actual motives behind the overall nuclear conundrum created. In the presence of such large number of nuclear power plants, one of the most critical one controversial one that has raised eye brows is that of Bushehr 1 reactor which has been built in association with Russia(Cordesman and Seitzp 219). It has been center of attention for the tungsten and they suspect it is c enter to military

Comparison and contrast essay Anchorage,Alaska and Key West Florida

Comparison and contrast Anchorage,Alaska and come across West Florida - Essay archetypePerhaps. Key West, Florida and Anchorage, Alaska may be thousands of miles apart geographically and culturally, that in some ways, they are a good deal next door neighbors.The first striking difference between these two cities is obviously geography and climate. Key West is the westernmost island of the archipelago known as The Florida Keys. Close proximity to the Tropic of Capricorn and the warm currents of the Caribbean sea give Key West a balmy average temperature of 82oF. Add to this an annual rainfall of intimately 40 inches per year and you render a pleasant climate capable of supporting a innkeeper of interesting vegetation while providing m both hours of sunny weather to enjoy the waters surrounding the island. Of course, any urban center that has taken on the title of Southernmost City in America had better have plenty of warm weather and sunshine to back up their claim.Anchorage , while not the northernmost city in America is a great deal contrasting than Key West. One has no essential to look beyond the raw numbers to see that two more different cities could not be found in America in regards to geography and climate. Anchorage boasts and average annual temperature of 35oF with an average annual precipitation of just 16 inches (most of it of the frozen variety)(Hoare, 2008). Though summer days can reach into the mid(prenominal) 70s, summer and winter weather is unpredictable in Anchorage. 40oF swings in temperature have been known to snuff it within the space of several hours. Anchorage enjoys long summer days due to its high latitude, but the subarctic climate surrounding the city dissuades most people from spending those summer days move in the frigid coastal waters nearby. An additional geographic feature that makes Anchorage much different that Key West is the nearby presence of active volcanoes. Occasional ash accumulation from these volcanoes pos es a dismiss

Homeland Security Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Homeland auspices - Coursework ExampleThe paper tells that signed by George Bush, The Patriot Act aims for uniting and strengthening America by providing appropriate tool required intercepting and obstructing terrorism. The United States Northern Command or NORTHCOM is a branch of the US military that defends the US against any possible mainland invasion. This unified Combatant Command is responsible for safeguarding the US from any air, land or sea attack that could possiblely come from Mexico, Canada, Alaska or Puerto Rico. The National Infrastructure justification Plan or NIPP is plan developed by the De lotment of Homeland security. The plans aims to bring together circumstantial infrastructure and key resources in the country to act as protection for the country against any potential attacks According to this plan, the public and private sector needs to form a unified front in order to minimize risk for the country. Risk Management is a systematic task of identifying, evalu ating, prioritizing and minimizing risk magic spell also taking into consideration financial and other resource constraints that an organization may face. Signals Intelligence o SIGINT, as opposed to HUMINT, is intelligence gathered through the help of technology or more specifically signals. This includes both communications intelligence and electronic intelligence. National Response Framework or NRF is a part of the strategy developed by the Department of Homeland Security to bring the country together in the case of a disaster or emergency. The framework aims to improve the countrys ability to manage incidents by cover version all aspects of a disaster. The Posse Comitatus Act is an Federal law act enacted by the Congress in 1878. This act prevents the US military personnel to act as law enforcement agents within the United States. In this capacity, the law limits the power of the Federal government to enforce any state law in US.

Trojan War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Trojan War - Research Paper archetypePrimarily based on Homers epic poems Iliad and Odyssey, the Trojan War enjoys the status of sensation of the greatest incidents of ancient Greek mythology leading to chaos and bloodshed eventu eithery. The epics in any case demonstrate The warfare also submits to narrate the ambitious nature and disposition of the ancient era people, who used to spend several decades in wars and hostilities on minor issues and trivial matters, which could easily be solved through negotiations. Started with the abduction of the Greek queen Helen, the war ended in the victory of the Greeks and destruction and ruination of Troy, where both the sides had to wash their hands of the splendid warriors and bravest hands in the history of civilizations at large, tombs of whom are viewed to be the Trojan coast of cremations. Homers Iliad declares the challenger among the three Greek goddesses including Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite over the Apple of Discord thrown by t he goddess Eris for the fairest of the goddesses. Since all the three claimed themselves to be the fairest one, Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite sought the judgment from King Zeus with regards to declaring the most beautiful one among the three. Since Zeus would not psychic trauma any of the goddesses, he bestowed the power of announcing judgment to Paris, a local shepherd. Paris was actually the son of Trojan royal pair King Priam and Queen Hecuba, who had thrown the infant Paris in the wilderness because of the prophecy that the child, on ripening young, would bring ruination to Troy.... Paris, according to the sources, was actually the son of Trojan royal couple King Priam and Queen Hecuba, who had thrown the infant Paris in the wilderness because of the prophecy that the child, on growing young, would bring ruination to Troy.10 Somehow, Pariss extraordinary intelligence, comeliness and bravery had won Zeuss favors, who had appointed him judge in order to decide the name of the mo st beautiful goddess of Greece. Since Aphrodite had revealed her complete physical structure and stood naked before Paris, she was declared to be the most beautiful goddess. Aphrodite sought no bounds of joy, and in return provided Paris with all the information about Helen of Sparta, the most beautiful lady on the flavour of the earth. Immediately after obtaining information regarding Helen, Paris set out to discover the outstanding beauty, and fell in love with Helen. On receiving the powerful response from Helen, they planned to move to Troy for good. Helens elopement infuriated Menelaus, who called all the former suitors11 of Helen12 in Sparta, and sought their support in this matter. At first, the kings looked reluctant to participate in the war somehow, on getting reminded of the pledge they were determined to wage war on the Trojans, who not only had abducted the first mate of Spartan King, but had also refused to return her to her consort. Out of sheer feelings of rage, t he Greeks invaded Troy in order to extend revenge of their humiliation from the Trojans eventually. Course of War Since the Trojans had refused to return Helen to the Greeks through negotiation, they were certain regarding the fact that the war was intelligible and inevitable. Prince Hector had told his father i.e. King Priam about the prophecy of his triumph

American International Group (AIG) Research Paper

the Statesn International Group (AIG) - look into Paper ExampleThis essay discusses that the CEO Greenberg ensured that he networked with every genius including the different presidents in power and indeed construct himself a fortress of support and built himself and AIG immunity from questions and outside auditing which would live disc everyplaceed the fraud and embezzled business deals that were taking place in the company and which led to the massive expansion of the company and its net downfall. The rest of the executives offered their full support of the mislabeled Credit Default Swap (CDS) project which even out though it brought in a lot of money than any other part in the firm, its activities and ethics were questionable. The executives even anticipateed external audit firms from coming to audit them as they did not want their grand fraud and illegal scheme to be discovered by outsiders even though that eventually took place. If only the firm had an organisational horticulture that necessitated external auditing, then they would not have initiated the program in the first place indeed saving themselves embarrassment and government the bailout money. A stronger ethics program would have prevented Greenberg from calling in favors to prevent the firm from being scrutinized and the uncovering of the truth. The corporate executives were dis practiced and harbored business deals that were not illegal but wrong. They besides jeopardized the lives of millions of Americans through the unethical deal with CDS as many people whose money was lost in one way or another would have suffered. Their unethical conduct also out at fortune the jobs of all their employees some of whom even had no idea what really that financial department that dealt with CDS was all about or that it even existed and hence were caught in the spur of the moment at the discovery of the truth. If the executives were ethical and honest in the company, the bailout would not have b een necessary. A stronger ethics program would have prevented even the illegal department officials to carry out these illegal deals. The corporate executives should be the ones to set a perfect example to their employees and not aid in turning them criminals if they had put in place a stronger ethics culture at bottom the organization. 3. What could AIG have done differently to prevent its failure and subsequent bailout? AIG should never have set up that department and the CDS financial dealings in the first place. This would have prevented the whole meltdown as it was. nevertheless after its creation, they would have allowed external auditors or even external scrutiny to be carried out which would have unveiled the problem as early as possible hence preventing the government from having to spend over $180 billion bailing it out and preventing it from being fully bankrupt hence preventing other businesses and individuals in America from the already bad economic recession of 2008. The employees who were aware of the deal should have refused to participate in an unethical deal and even taken the initiative and report the firm to securities and exchange if the corporate culture had taught them how to be ethical. 4. Provide your thoughts/opinion about the importance of integrated Culture in the Business world? Corporate culture provides guidance to all the employees in an organization starting from the top executives to the downright bottom employee in the chain of command (Flamholtz and Yvonne 3). This therefore ensures that no unethical behavior goes unreported to the necessary authorities hence preventing an embarrassing situation later on. A business has many stakeholders and a good corporate culture helps to define the roles of each of these stakeholders

Patrol Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Patrol Operations - Essay ExampleThis tool of law enforcement is poised to process huge results for the interaction between law enforcement and its citizenry.As aforementioned among the most recent technologies available for protective covering operations be body-worn-cameras (Manjoo 1). Body-worn cameras are small gadgets that are usually attached to the upper body of a security or natural law officers (Manjoo 1). law of nature enforcement agencies across nations are increasingly adopting the body-worn cameras. The resolution to adopt the function of body cameras is an addition of the use of dash-attached audio recorder and video cameras, which have been in use. The possible areas of corroding the camera include the head, shoulders neck, or chest. Some of the cameras are also hand held. The cameras are also fitted with microphones and are capable of recording the police officers daily work in both audio and picture (Goold 40).The proponents of customs duty of body cameras ar gue that the cameras they buttocks hold police officers accountable for their actions (Manjoo 1). In addition, they can protect the police officers who might false accusation of wrongdoing (Goold 64). The body-cameras could also inspire police or security officers, who would cut that the cameras are recording their actions, to behave in better and diligent ways (A Primer on Body-Worn Cameras for Law Enforcement).According to Manjoo (1), in newfangled York City, a citys public advocate reported that outfitting the whole New York Police Department with the body cameras would cost about $33 million. The body cameras mostly cost $ two hundred to $1,000 each depending on the type. However, in 2013, New York City paid $152 million because of claims of misconduct the police. Therefore, if these body cameras could suspensor reduce the cost of those claims, then the gadgets would pay for or buy themselves. Some cameras are designed with adequacy battery life for a few hours of recording both audio and visual while others can last for as long as 12working hours

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Research - Essay Exampleted patient to 30 degrees, controlling venous thromboembolism through anticoagulation and exp fireiture of chronological compression devices, initiating early mobilization, practicing good hand hygiene, giving patient gastric acid histamine 2 blockers and performing daily routine interruption at 10 am to find the neurological status.The intent of this research paper is to support the argument that oral care in terms of timed tooth coppice in combination with VAP bundle can help prevent and mitigate the occurrence of VAP. This project specific in ally addresses timed oral care of medical ICU, neurologic and unconsciously ventilated patient on a twenty-four hour bed stroke. Several patients were formed into a control group that performed a habitual oral care of brushing teeth after all eight hours. The results were quiet startling (A life in the day, 2013)The VAP rate in the intervention group dropped to zero after one week of every eight hours brushing. T he result was so successful that the intervention group was released after six months and the teeth of all incubated patient after every eight hours until a zero rate maintained at the end of study. There is inadequate evidence to show whether difference in the duration of brushing has any incumbrance on the outcome on the mechanically ventilated patient. There is insufficient evidence of the effects of early(a) oral care

Develop a methodology or conceptual approach to support research into Essay

Develop a methodology or conceptual approach to support research into a chosen brand-new media substance abuser experience - Essay ExampleHowever within the twinkle of an eye, her train speedily arrives, gushing by dint of the platform bringing her viewing to an abrupt end.As she stepped onto the train, she could not stop thinking about the advert, want she could have seen the end. She manages to get a seat pulls out her Vogue magazine, she looks up and notices the static adverts above her head. Suddenly, as if she had never been on the tube before, she actually realises that all the adverts ar static. Then she asks herself how come tube adverts are static? Why has no one developed digital displays on the tube?The recognition that on that point should be digital displays on the tube is an important consideration in the field of new media advertising. In establishing the methodological approach to this consideration one recognizes that there are first a number of overarching conc erns that must be addressed. Perhaps the most pressing concern is the simple question of why such new media approaches to advertising have yet to occur. Such infrastructure considerations no doubt exist on a series of lines. From a purely infrastructure standpoint one recognizes that modern railway agreement emerged from in the beginning trains and much of the qualitative approach to infrastructure, in this instance print advertising appears to have been carried over from an front era and not enough consideration given to the increasing technological mediation of the modern world. In this regards the study design is aimed not only at determining the general effectiveness and best possible course of action of digital advertising displays, but also that it would financially benefit the rail system to implement these digital displays.With these considerations in mind the methodology advanced is firmly rooted in a logistical series of methods. This approach is akin to a mixed metho ds approach in that it involves both decimal and qualitative assessment mechanisms. In terms of

Proprietary and Contract Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

branded and catch Security - Essay display caseThe problem has more to do with the thinking among executives proprietary pledge has no alternative. There is the feeling that thin out security has a mix of the good and the bad. Why take the risk and get into trouble in case the security turns out to be bad (Shamus McGillicuddy).Nonetheless, reports from companies who stimulate dared to venture and catch the open transcription installed are encouraging. They work well and their cost is low. Some of them have gone on to say that they have better features than proprietary security.The function of security systems essentially includes spam, spyware and phishing blockers, virus protection, web filter, protocol control, intrusion prevention, a firewall and several other applications. The open sources all of these.Although company executives swear by contract security, they have tho gone the extra mile and added this security along with proprietary sources in most cases. The time is not ripe for a complete recourse to the contract source and probably will never be. Proprietary security has too many aces up its sleeve that contract security will find heavy to trump.Proprietary securities have access to far more rese... They also have more resources and access to vital ideas because of their size and reach. They have wide acceptance and are financially powerful to deal with any crisis.In case of any lacunae in a model, they have the capability to recall the entire lot and have replacement done at the same time.DisadvantagesBecause of mass production, they cannot have the maneuverability and diversity that contract security offers. They have enormous power to push their products but although they have wide range of features included in their products they cannot arrange for the maneuverability and diversity that contract sources can provide. In terms of cost, if they have to tailor nock products for customers, they can be quite expensive.Contract SecurityThe c ontract security segment has formed a National Association of Security Companies (NASCO). Organizations such as NASCO wield tremendous clout and are undefended of bridging the gap that may exist between the proprietary and contract security.Tracy A. Henke, assistant secretary for the Office of Grants and Training, mouth about the importance of private security personnel participating in joint training with national agencies. She also pointed out that the DHS is certifying more and more state training programs.The summit also featured sessions designed to foster an open discussion about issues directly impacting contract security operations (NASCO Concludes First Contract Security Summit). AdvantagesContract securities can be powerful in applications and give value for money for turning point organizations such as health and medicine. They are particularly useful for those seeking special attention in certain areas of professionals

Demonstrating Effective Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Demonstrating Effective Leadership - Essay ExampleThus, each student optimized his or her learning. In parallel, my articles in school journal triggered school management into changing some of the managerial practices making them more and more student centric through introducing counselor services in order to relief student educational stress thus, almost eliminating the possibility of drug intake and other criminal activities in students. In the dismay of above discussion, I consider myself as a transformational leader because I caused cultural change in my school that also offered variety of subjects to the students. One of my recommendations was to introduce music as a subject because, I believed in its ability to relieve humans from stress. School management, therefore initiated a musical program for the students in the summers, so that fresh talent can be pumped in the industry. On the other hand, peer students considered me as a source of highlighting their problems in the s chool journal therefore, I managed to have a significant influence on them. However, as I grew older my intellectual endeavors subsided due to increased educational stress. But, I nevertheless kept on motivating my juniors towards writing, thus, emplaced a culture of sharing knowledge. My leadership cease when I graduated from school. However, during composing this document, my old spirit of leadership came back to life and I am now planning to revitalize it through joining politics in future. This essay viewed my past leadership activities and designated.

LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

LAW - Essay ExampleThey were convicted and sentenced for felony murder in the Supreme Court of the State of New York for New York County. Judgment was affirmed without opinion in the appellate Division. A motion to reargue was denied by the New York Court of Appeals on June 15, 1976.Victory was tried for felony murder (N.Y.Penal L. 125.25(3) predicated upon the hatred of guide in the guerrilla degree (id. 205.10(2)). To convict Victory the jury had to visualize that Bornholdt and he take flight from custody after Officer Varecha had arrested them for a felony and that the policeman was shot in the course of or in furtherance of this escape. In charging the jury, the trial judge explained several times that it was necessary for them to find that an escape was universe committed at the time Varecha was shot in order to convict Victory of felony murder. http//cases.justia.com/us-court-of-appeals/F2/570/66/3893 For example, the criminal prosecution must show that during the comm ission or attempted commission of the crime of escape in the second degree, and in the course of and in furtherance of that crime, or the immediate flight at that place from, a defendant caused the death of a person other than one of the participants. Both the crime of felony murder and the crime of escape in the second degree were submitted. After retiring, the jury asked for a re-reading of the law of escape, and twice for a re-reading of certification about events prior to the shooting. As a matter of law, does the fact of flight after the shooting itself apply escape in the second degree after an arrest has been made for felony assault? The judge indicated that there was no categorical answer to the question posed, carefully stated what the jury would be required to find for a conviction of escape in the second degree, then re-read the statutory definition of felony murder which, as the jury had often heard, requires death be caused in the course of or in furtherance of a pr edicate

Discuss the current status of the Electronic Health Record (EHR) in Research Paper

Discuss the current status of the Electronic wellness Record (EHR) in the United States. What still must be accomplished to make t - investigate Paper ExampleDue to the simple acceptance of the benefits to be reaped from much(prenominal) a system the Ameri send word Recovery and Reinvestment Act was passed in 2009, which promoted a national combined wellness information system to be developed. (Jha et al, 2009) A recent survey suggested that levels of bearion ranged from 5%-59%-the reason being that there is a wide difference amongst practitioners about what functionalities are constituted in an electronic wellness record. Keeping in livestock with this drawback the Institute of Medicine has outlined a list of prospective functionalities that relate to an electronic health record system. (Jha, et al, 2009) In 2010, congress and the Obama administration provided the health care community with a tool to increase the onward motion of the electronic health records. It would make incentive payments totaling $27 billion to clinicians and independent physicians in order to adopt a countrywide electronic health record system. Together with the help of the Centers of Medicare and Medicaid Services, the Department of Health and merciful Services has decided upon a latest criterion to be followed in 2011 and 2012. These firstly include the total objectives, which is the entry of the basic medical history, demographics, smoking status, vital signs, active medications, allergies etc. of a patient. Other philia objectives include several software applications that include the sanctuary, efficiency and quality of healthcare. The secondary (but just as essential) assemblage includes ten tasks out of which any five have to be adopted. The tasks include drug formulatory checks, clinical laboratories, reminders to patients, and patient-particular health resources to educate them. The Department of Health and Human Services has also devised a system of certifying ele ctronic health records so that users can be sure that they are truthful and exact. (David Bluementhal&MarrelynTavenner, 2010) Impact on nurse staffing The study by Kossman, Susan P. RN, Scheidenhelm, and Sandra N. RN tries to measure and relate the use of electronic health records to the job performance of nurses and the dissemble that it has on patients care. The sample included 46 nurses from medical-surgical and intensive care units from two community hospitals in the U.S. The results showed that the electronic health records helped them track important patient material and reports faster through easier and faster access to information, blanket alerts and better organization of data. However, the nurses reported that the record process took about 73% of their time and took time forward from the care that they could give to patients. The nurses reported that although the use of electronic information systems and electronic health records increased the safety of medical care it decreased the quality of their nursing. (Kossman, Susan P. RN, Scheidenhelm, and Sandra N. RN, 2008) In order to further understand whether electronic health records improve nurse job performance and therefore stimulate safe patient care we can use the findings of the study- Perceptions of impact of electronic health records on nurse work. (Susan P. Kossman, 2006) Refining medical care for citizens is an external struggle and in keeping with this the Institute of Medicine has described problems with nurses work such as problems with staffing, unsafe work conditions, and poor workplace design. The study by

Consider the extent to which the theory of exchange rates explain the Essay

Consider the extent to which the theory of put back range explain the performance of the US$ in recent years - Essay ExampleHistorically, the near common fixed exchange localise used to be bullion standard, until 1850s where, one ounce of gold was taken as worth $20 (U.S dollar signs) and 4 pounds of sterling, leading to an exchange grade of $5 of either pound. On the other hand, an exchange rate is said to be flexible, variable or floating when ii or more countries come into agreement of letting the international market forces govern the rate through with(predicate) the forces of demand and supply. In this case, the rate would neuter with a countrys imports and exports. According to Marazzi, Mario & Sheets (2007) majority of the raft economies such as US, Europe, Japan and China takes place with variable and flexible exchange rates that vary within comparatively fixed limits. Therefore, there is a strong relationship between the US dollar rate of exchange and all the ma jor foreign currencies with an exception of those from the developing countries. It should be taken into direct that with respect to the US stock market, this correlation is equilibrium with all parties being significant to its sustenance. The key mind for this causal relationship is that every investor view U.S Dollar as a negative beta which should eternally be falling in value whenever there is an upsurge of the value of stock market and should be increasing in value whenever there is a decrease in value of the stock market. ... two-sided rates provide the comparison of the rate of exchange of money of a country with that of another currency of a different country. For instance, one sterling pound can exchange for $1.50. On the other hand, seven-sided exchange rate is the worth of a currency compared to more than one currency, unlike bilateral rates that give the comparison of only two countries or nations currency. Economists and market analysts determine multi-lateral rat es to decipher averagely what is victorious place in the exchange rate arena. This is got through the adoption of an index that denotes variations in one currency as compared to a pool of other currencies. In the past few years, the US exchange rate has constantly made the US dollar to fall rapidly against other well-known currencies such as euro-zone currencies with the lowest limit being recorded in 2008. tack Rate Policy The exchange rate based on any countrys economy impacts either negatively or positively the aggregate demand via its effects on imports, exports and the extent at which policy makers can exploit this correlation. Besides, Exchange Rates can be operated as a form of monetary policy for guiding the equipoise of trade of many nations. In ideal situation, rates should always be held down to stimulate and outstrip up exports with a view of lessening inflationary pressure rocking a countrys economy. season the Bank of America does not particularly target the excha nge rate, the MPC would always focus on the apparent movement of exchange rates. In essence, during times of inflation pressure, the MPC would prefer a comparatively elevated rate granted that this would lessen the price of import commodities and services and also will always help in riveting the

Jamie Oliver - Spoken Language Essay Example for Free

Jamie Oliver Spoken Language EssayJamie Oliver is a chef who has made a number of television programmes for highway 4 in most of these programmes he is cooking and instructing the reference, although he is sometimes part of documentaries about food, for instance in schools. His style of speech is genuinely different to many of his contemporaries he uses his distinctive style to present himself as a down to earth, friendly TV chef.Oliver is the only person talking in this transcript because he is cooking and explaining his actions for the TV show. The fact that he is cooking while talking centre that there ar numerous pauses in the transcript, for example Your burger (2) and then some rosemary. The two imprimatur pause indicates that he is demonstrating this action on the programme it is important in his role as a TV chef that he doesnt just sit and talk through a normal because viewers want to see the normals being made and they also want to be entertained and kept c oncerned by Oliver moving around in the kitchen. Other pauses suggest that, although this programme is probably scripted to some degree, Oliver is not reading from an autocue but retains an element of spontaneity to his speech. The pauses at the start of the transcript, Hi guys (.) welcome to ministry of food (.), are indicators of this spontaneity, as is the non-fluent er, which is presented later on in the show. Although sometimes a trace of nervousness, in this case I think the pauses help Oliver to appear normal, like his viewers, so they are more likely to attempt his recipes and, of course, buy his books.Jamie Olivers Estuary accent and his accompanying use of London slang are also distinctive features of his talk. A Word such as bash is a informal and is not a word we expect to hear on a cooking programme. We are used to lecture from the cooking semantic field such as whisk, bake, stir but Olivers language use again makes him seem very normal, approachable and relaxed. A s well as specifically accented words such as the dropping of the h in orrible, Olivers elisions gonna, wanna and kinda border his relaxed tone. As well as using these to build a successful TV persona, Oliver could be using this informal language because he is concentrating more on the actual cooking and explaining the key details of the recipe rather than the functional language he uses.It is important that Oliver does not appear too bossy to his audience they need to feel like they can think to him it is therefore important that he moderates his use of imperatives. throughout the transcript, he softens his instructions to viewers about a tablespoon of oregano (1) you want about an orb some rosemary some (.) mustard this lack of precision is encouraging to people watching his because it suggests this recipe is easy to follow. The self-deprecating suggestion that Oliver is not entirely sure of what he is doing, just guessing, means that he does not assume a too-powerful position in relation to his viewers. The word literally implies that the solution is plain and easy, so Oliver maintains his persona as the friendly, easy TV chef in contrast with someone like Gordon Ramsay and his very technical, scientific recipes that cannot be replicated in ordinary kitchens.In conclusion, Jamie Oliver uses many features of talk that are typical of TV chefs, such as numerous pauses and imperative instructions which are essential in his role, but he also has a very distinctive personal style of talk, characterised by his accent, use of slang and colloquial vocabulary. He uses his own idiolect to create a successful TV personality that viewers can relate to and follow as a cooking role model.

Gothic Genre Explored in Tim Burtons Films Essay Example for Free

Gothic Genre Explored in Tim Burtons Films prove

Cold War Essay Example for Free

Cold struggle EssayThe end of the Cold War and the plurality of new issues on the global agenda, to which be referred in this document as well as other literary reviews, have been accompanied by increase c completelys for rethinking the foundations of a globalization Theory and Theories of Globalization or discipline. To differing scholars, Theories of Globalization thought appears to be out of hang with the ground-breaking changes in universe of discourse politics, as well as deficient in how to explain them to the masses and elicit parties. Justin Rosenberg, International Relations scholar, has suggested how strange it is for such momentous events, such as the collapse of Soviet Communism, the strains of atomic number 63an integration, and the economic growth of China (which presently contains one-fifth of the worlds population) and not be inclusive of theoretical system of logic within other theories. These events, within Rosenbergs Globalization Theory, are part of a gigantic world revolution of modernization, industrialization, nationalism, and globalisation in which the West has been caught up for the last two hundred years, tend to be excluded from nearly International Relations theory. (Tickner, 2001, p. 9) In popular usage, globalization is linked to the idea that advanced capitalism, back up by digital and electronic technologies, will eventually destroy local traditions and creates a homogenized, world culture. Critics of globalization argue that human experience everywhere is becoming essentially the same. Long intrustd to be a join characterization of life at the beginning of the twenty-first century (Qin-Hilliard, 2004, p. 143)Given that globalization has by nowadays come to mean so much, and so little, this paper will discuss globalization specifically as a mode of empire, as an imperial project that has historically operated simultaneously through domestic and impertinent policy while obscuring the connections between multipl e theories. Looking at everyday life in the industrial external markets and at the responses of the populace at local, national, and transnational scales allows for an approach that would help advance a exact understanding for studying globalization. Multiple Theories of Globalization have burgeoned over the last decade.Arguably, perhaps the most ripe critique of Globalization Theory is contained in Justin Rosenbergs The Follies of Globalization Theory. Nevertheless, globalization remains an essentially oppose concept, indicateed in a range of important debates. there is an ongoing debate between those who believe that it is primarily mythological (or ideological) and those who believe that it is a new reality with important structural features. (Held et al. 1999) The proliferation of Theories of Globalization reflects the polytonalism of the phenomena at hand.In this light, globalization give the gate n either provide a new theoretical high-and-mighty narrative nor be seen a s the only path to economic development. We see Theories of Globalization above all as a framework to deal with loving complexity (Mittelman 2000). Within the globalization framework we rule a host of analytical as well asls, such as the dialectic between territorialization and de-territorialization, and the concepts of transnationalism, hybridity, and borderlands, which provide a more nuanced picture of the changing face of religious and cultural life in the Americas. (Marquardt et al, 2003, p. 3)There is something most the last three hundred years which sets them apart from all other epochs in human history. In the field of internationalist transaction this is especially obvious since these centuries see for the first time the emergence of a states-system which covers the entire planet. (Rosenberg 1994, p. 1) Examining the capital mobility impacts on cash transfers in universal and corporatist conservative state contexts, none of the attainable relationships between dimen sions of international capital markets and cash income maintenance is consistent with conventional globalization theory.Rosenberg theorems outlines a enormous historical materialist framework for analysis and then challenges the realist a statement or idea that the masses film as self-evident or obvious. It can be accepted as a model that the geo-political core group of the disciplines subject matter is philosophy the most general branch of metaphysics, concerned with the nature of being are distinct from the wider structures of social reproduction develops an ambitious and intellectually rich. Stated logic is a pervasive edition of Marxs social theory of capitalist society as an alternative (i. e.non-realist) way of understanding the modern international system. (Rengger, 2000, p. 55) Globalization Theory assumes or explicitly argues that business will resist moderate-to-high levels of welfare provision that elevator the reservation wage, create work disincentives, contribute to fiscal imbalances, and engender high taxes. Instead of being an number driven and explained by a multitude of interrelated processes and necessary preconditions, economic globalization has become conceptualized in mainstream economic thinking and radical political debates as the universal cause.In his provocative book The Follies of Globalization Theory, Rosenberg (2000, 2-3) offered a compelling critique of the use of globalization as the universal explanation by social/globalization theorists The term globalization, after all, is at first sight merely a descriptive category, denoting either the geographical extension of social processes or possibly, as in the working definition, the intensification of worldwide social relations And the globalization theorists clearly intend something more than this.Explicit in much of Globalization Theory is the vox populi that international financial integration is particularly consequential for larger welfare states that significantly depa rt from market- conforming precepts. For example, In this view, the social democratic welfare states of the Nordic countries and the generous occupationally based social insurance systems of continental Europe are under especially strong pressures to reduce costs and restructure along market conforming lines. On the other hand, alternative theoretical argument highlights institutional features of these welfare states (e.g. , universalism and its political correlates) that may caramel them from the economic and political pressures flowing from globalization. (Swank, 2002, p. 10) Related institutionalized international order is also, (defined and recognized as a society with obligations and responsibilities exist and grow by virtue of membership and especially by virtue of the express consent given by states to international law), the chief mechanism for regulating and monitoring international order.However, most important of all, cosmopolitan liberals emphasize that growing institu tionalization is the only way in which liberal forms can be globalized, especially in the context of globalization theory. (Rengger, 2000, p. 106) Justin Rosenberg writings continued to suggest dominating influence of stability or order versus justice, which abstract from real-world issues.Rosenberg call for theory grounded in historical and social analyses is intrinsic to in his Globalization Theory which will be compared to Theories of Globalization as this paper progress. He suggests that global issues can be better explained through narrative forms of explanation rather than social-scientific methodologies of conventional International Relationship. (Tickner, 2001, p. 9)International economic scholars, based on postulates of past findings, have made a significant ploughshare to the study of economic globalization through theorization of its inherent occupation of space and sheer quantity of material. The distinctive contribution of Globalization Theory and Theories of Global ization within the crowed study of social, economic, cultural, and political has yielded increasingly single and autonomous global environment.Not accepting the policy of some scholars and instead describing the terminology as unclear or too vague and useless for understanding contemporary global economic change, many researchers and analysts embrace the important reason of how and why globalization will be a standard for discipline for the foreseeable future, as inversely constitutive material processes and ideological discourses, not the least because the term has now gained so much silver in the political and business world.In the context of his critique of international relations and globalization studies, Rosenberg argued that we sine qua non to take Globalization Theory s seriously, since its claims combine to exercise a kind of theoretical ostracize over other, more valuable resources for understanding both the contemporary world in general and its international politic s in particular. (Yeung, 2002, p. 285)

The Story of Us Essay Example for Free

The Story of Us EssayThe film The Story of Us that we have watched last week gave me the full of insights and learned how difficult a spousal relationship could be. This movie was about the story of a equal married for about fifteen years and from their perfect marriage, it almost ends up to divorce. They have two children that by dint of them they lock up pretend as good parents even if their relationship is not working any longer. They decided to organise their children to a summer camp so they can start their trial separation before grave it to their kids. In the end, because they still love each other and as well for the best of their children, they had chosen to be unanimous and set aside all the detestation and hatred from them. People whitethorn engage into marriage thru discordant reasons. The majority of it is usually because of legal and social aspects. But the reality is that a person is not wholly associated to emotional or a feeling to someone and also i t is the spiritual and religious aspects that locomote to marriage.For me, a person who entered into a relationship with someone should be committed to the person he love so the partnership between them will be strong and the marriage will be eternal. sum for me is not just a formal contract or agreement of two persons who love each other which is usually followed by a wedding ceremony. It is really important for me because it does not only stage how relationship works but it is instituted and destined by God for the permanent relationship between a man and a woman. My point of view towards relationship to a good marriage is that it should not be developed according to our anticipation.With the conformity of a husband and wife that are married, they should not be stray and will stand for every hardship that they will encounter. As shown in the movie, ilk what almost happened to Ben and Katie Jordan in the film was because of misunderstandings and the exchange of throbbing with each other. There are lots of couples nowadays that encountered similar problems like this. They also run into a situation that a couple cannot stand each other anymore which mostly ends up to divorce.Some of the couples may reconcile and lead to stay what is ordained while thers may lead to worst thing like separation or divorce. This film had given me lot of insights on the views of marriage. I can say that this movie made me realized that in order for a marriage to work well it is important that couples should learn how to reconcile and accept the love of their partners despite of their dissimilarities. People choose to marry the person they like not just because of feelings, affection or likeness to their spouse but because they fated their love to God and willingness to accept all the differences of their partner.I have learned that not all marriage will lead to lifelong relationship unless they truly love and vowed to each other. I also recognized that not all relationships a re perfect thus we should continue ourselves to be loyal, devoted and still faithful to love ones. This film also taught me on what we should do or the best thing to make if a situation happened in the marriage life like this. Also, we should learn how to accompany with others and to forgive and close up the mistakes of a person you love which will direct into a good marriage life.

Consequences of Unethical Behavior Essay Example for Free

Consequences of Unethical Behavior EssayI had non heard of this until now, actually. Google gainful their way out of CEO prosecution last year. Not only was their behavior unethical, and illegal, it was genuinely socially irresponsible to the American people. Google was taking part in advertising narcotics and other prescription drugs for an illegal Canadian pharmacy on the American internet making all of these drugs readily available to the American people. David Whitaker, a federal inmate and convicted con-artist became posed as an American government agent who went undercover to prove Google knew incisively what was passing play on. Google advertisement executives accepted the $200,000 worth of the governments set-up money to begin advertising. Whitaker collected emails and save calls to prove that Google knew what they were doing were illegal. Even though it was obvious through the evidence to see that Google representatives knew that the advertisements were illegal, th ey extended Whitaker a very generous credit line and allowed me to set my target advertising directly to American consumers.On noble-minded 24th, 2011, Google paid $500M dollars to pay their fines and avoid prosecution of their C. E. O. Larry Page. Through the emails and recordings, it is made obvious that Page knew but what was going on. Google was allowing illegal Canadian pharmacies to platform their ads on Google and target the American population. Google allowing American consumers to be targeted is absolutely outrageous. Googles $500M fine covers the advertising costs and profits of the companies. The Department of Justice also has a non-prosecution agreement with Google.Now, what exactly is a non-prosecution agreement? To me, this all sounds like something illegal all the way around. How can a comp both(prenominal), any company, buy their way out of prosecution? How can a C. E. O. not be classified as a drug peddler who well knows of what is going on within his company? Ho w does this make him any different that Bernie Madoff or the Goldman Sachs C. E. O.? Google was allowing drugs to be sold through their network, period point blank with the citizens of America organism the target.How can a company buy their way out of prosecution? I just do not understand. If I was caught selling drugs, or giving people a platform to sell, I would be prosecuted to the fullest extent. Would I be able to buy my way out of prosecution? I absolutely would not The American government would lock me away and take their sweet time about taking me to psychometric test and finishing my case. Why was this not made more public? Now, it seems, Google is being looked into from every aspect, in which they should.

Cultural Competence in Mental Health Treatment Essay Example for Free

Cultural Competence in Mental Health intervention EssayTrimbles chapter on Cultural Sensitivity and Cultural Competence brings a number of questions to mind, the some important of which seems to be the following Are psychologists expected to know about all cultures or ethnicities in the United States today? Multiethnical course electrical capacity is expected to enhance students understanding of assorted cultures sooner they enter the workplace. All the same, it is virtually impossible for a psychologist to learn about all cultures that he or she would be interacting with in the course of his or her career. I would love to believe that the stages of cultural competence breeding end with cultural blindness (Trimble). Nevertheless, I realize the importance of understanding all possible cultures that I would be interacting with during the course of my career as a psychologist. I must reach the stage of cultural proficiency (Trimble). As a matter of fact, I had a vague under standing of this goal tear down before I had read Trimbles chapter on cultural competency. For this rea discussion I had begun to read and reckon movies about outside(prenominal) cultures several years back.Needless to say, it amazes me that people from foreign cultures hold persuasions that are sometimes very unlike from my own. Moreover, it strengthens my belief that psychologists must understand the different cultures that they interact with. In my opinion, empathy on the break open of the psychologist is the foremost requirement in a therapeutic parityship. At the same time, however, it is clear to me that psychologists who understand different cultures would be curiously empathetic to people who represent those cultures. As an example, Latino psychologists may be especially empathetic toward their Latino clients.Furthermore, the job description of a psychologist cannot admit discrimination, racism, or prejudices. After all, mental health is a requirement of all people . Yet another challenge posed by diversity is that of different moral codes that have been adopted by different cultures and/or races. While multicultural course content could go a long way in helping the psychologist meet the challenges of diversity, it is crucial for psychologists who are introduced to brisk cultures for the first time to reference their clients on the basis of their cultural beliefs in the first instance.I read this with confidence based on experience, as I have had the opportunity to interview an individual whose belief system I could never have comprehended if I had not bringed her questions relevant to her culture. It was important to ask questions relevant to her culture because it was possible for me to consider that her thought patterns needed serious reordering if I was not aware that her thought patterns actually stemmed from different cultural beliefs altogether.Hence, it was vital to frame the interview questions such(prenominal) that the interviewe e would be allowed to explain her cultural beliefs while describing her problem. A Case Study The following is an take from an interview report to shed more light on the importance of cultural competence in the psychologists career. Mrs. A (2007) is a 69 year old Pakistani lady settled with her sons family in the United States. She has been a green card holder for the past six years. During an interview, she reported having had no problem whatsoever with the American health care system.After all, both her son and daughter-in-law are doctors. Mrs. A suffers severe depression from time to time. In her opinion, it is genetic. From the time she entered the United States, her family has helped her cope with the illness by ensuring that she had regain to the doctors whenever required, in addition to medication. According to the senior immigrant, the attitude that her family has shown toward her illness in a foreign enter is, indeed, praiseworthy. This is how families from my part of t he world are meant to behave, she adds.She further believes that it is her family alone that she can rely on in the foreign land. In the Indo-Pak culture, an individual must be protected and provided for by his or her family. Women must be cared for by their husbands and sons. Single women have no place in our culture, Mrs. A reported. Individualism is replaced by collectivism, as Mrs. A would like her family to look after her interests at all times. In exchange for the time and energy that she has invested in her family thus far, Mrs.A expects help from her family in times of need. She worries, however, that her family would not be able to meet her call for all of the time. As a matter of fact, the possibility that her family might one day find itself impuissant in terms of helping her out is a cause of perplexity for the lady. The intense level of anxiety felt by Mrs. A often translates into severe depression. Even though Mrs. A has a prominent number of friends across the Uni ted States, she believes that it is shameful to depend upon friends in stead of family.This belief is also culture-ingrained, seeing that the Americans do not believe that it is embarrassing to ask friends for help. Mrs. A visits her friends quite often, and they visit her too. All the same, they cannot square off out the anxiety that lurks in the back of her mind that, in fact, it is possible for her to be left without family to baffle care of her needs, whether they are financial or health care needs. The anxiety is intensified by Mrs. As concern that the American look upon system might abruptly change the Muslim-ingrained values of her son and daughter-in-law.Also according to her, it is widely believed in her own part of the world that the American children have no respect for their elders. Parents are sent over to nursing homes and we would never do that she stated. Conclusion As the excerpt from Mrs. As interview report suggests, it is essential for psychologists to lear n about their clients thought patterns and belief systems by interviews with questions that are especially framed to shed light on the clients thought patterns and belief systems in relation to their cultures.No doubt, cultural proficiency is essential in the psychologists career (Trimble). For this reason, the psychologist must conduct question to find out about all cultures that he or she may be interacting with. Even so, the value of the first interview cannot be discounted in terms of learning about the clients culture. References Mrs. A. (2007). ad hominem Interview. Trimble, J. E. Chapter 3 Cultural Sensitivity and Cultural Competence.

Couples counseling Essay Example for Free

Couples counselor EssayWo spell is a greatest wight of the god. Woman plays an important role in e actually mans lifespan. There is a cleaning woman behind the ein truth successful man. Men and women atomic number 18 made for each other. Actually they be life partner of each other, but the chance of the death of a partner is more for women than for men. There is a ratio of 14 amongst men and women. It means chance of the death of a hook up with man is 4 times greater than the chance of the death of a married woman. Generally vulcanized men become widower than young man (U. S. Census Bureau). There are many of similarities and differences between the experiences of the widowers and widows.Comparisons are done by the many people between widows and widowers. But there are more or less unique experiences in the life of widowers. The course of bereavement is wrought with diversity and variability among widowers. Widowers are not able to adapt the death of their wife easily. Some widowers face greater difficulty in adjustment the death of their wives. But many widowers ultimately become able to withstand or recover apace from difficult conditions. (WIDOWERS, 2007) Couples counsellor is a counseling of solving the problems of widowers. Couples counseling is based on the problems of the widower.A widower can take athletic supporter of the Couples counseling for recovering. It has proved that Couples counseling is very beneficial for widowers. Problems are handled in a best way in the Couples counseling. Widowers have to control the counseling session to discuss the problems in life. Solutions are suggested by the experts and how to get those solution? , is also suggested in Couples counseling. How to deal with current problems of life? is also learned to the widowers in these Couples counseling sessions. There specific problems are also discussed and solved in these sessions.The main aim of the Couples counseling is to provide a better way to solv e the problems. The problem of retirement, emptiness and past memories are the main problems of a widower. (Will) When a man muzzy his wife then he feels like a limb is cut from his body. Wife is a very important part of a mans life. She is a person who kept them organized. A man is not called complete without a woman. Thats why loosing wife is very painful. Couples counseling has become very essential at this time for widowers because wives are the primary source of protection, support, and comfort for men.Wives show a even off direction to the husbands. Death of the wife means being lost without a compass. Widowers feel great loneliness after the death of their wives because they are dependent of wives for many things such(prenominal) as organization the home, caring of children and wives are supposed only true confidant of the husbands. Hence widowers need help after the death of their wives and this help is provided by the Couples counseling. It is very difficult for a widowe r to express himself. He cannot express his emotions easily. In such type of conditions Couples counseling sessions are very helpful. . (WIDOWERS, 2007)

Report on Business Level Strategy Essay Example for Free

Report on furrow Level schema EssayAny given organization may comprise a number of different business concernes. each(prenominal) operating in distinct markets and serving different guests. A market is defined by bespeak conditions and base on an organizations customers and potential customers. Industry is determined by supply conditions and based on production technology. Business level strategy is a means of separating out and formulating a rivalrous strategy at the level of individual business unit.This is sometimes referred to as a Strategic Business Unit (SBU). A Strategic Business Unit is a distinct part of an organization which focuses upon a particular market or markets for its products and services. The pargonnt company sets the overall or merged strategy. The role of the business unit is to devise a strategy which allows it to compete successfully in the marketplace and to contribute to the corporate strategy.A sustainable competitive advantage is about perfor ming different activities or performing correspondent activities in a different ways. In other words, the dissipated moldiness be capable of producing rank for the customer that is recognized as being superior to that of its competitors. Michael Porter (1980) developed three generic wine strategies to tending an organization outperform rivals within an industry, and so successfully position itself against the five forces.These strategies are referred to as generic because they apply to different types of organizations in different industries. The first of these three strategies is called Overall Cost Leadership. A equal leadership strategy involves a firm being the lowest cost producer within the industry. This allows the firm to outperform the rivals within the industry because it can charge lower prices and its lowest cost base console allows it to earn profit. In effect, this firm can charge the lowest price within the industry which the rivals evidently cannot match.Ther efore, a cost leadership strategy allows the firm to make superior profits. A Differentiation system is based on producing products or services which are perceived by the customers as unique or different. A differentiated product has the opportunity to meet different customer needs more closely. It is the leaving that is the basis on which the customers are prepared to cook up a premium price. Clearly, the cost of producing differentiation must not outweigh the price being charged.Or, put another way, customer should be prepared to pay a price which exceeds the costs of differentiation, thereby allowing the organization to earn superior profits. The third Strategy is referred to as a Focus Strategy. A Focus Strategy allows an organization to target a segment of time out within a market. The segment may be based on a particular customer group, geographical markets, or specific product lines. Unlike overall cost leadership and differentiation strategies which are industry-wide, a focus strategy is aimed at serving a particular target market efficiency.

George Orwell, 1984 Essay Example for Free

George Orwell, 1984 Es put forwardGeorge Orwell wrote the book 1984 as a warning to the passel in the future. Orwell opened the states eyes to the authority the government controls the pot by torture and control of information and language. Also, the government controls by war and fear, brainwashing, propaganda, and several other evils. oneness of the major ways the government controlled the people in the book was by propaganda. Propaganda is the information, ideas, or rumors intentionally fiesta widely to help or harm a person, group, nation, etc. In 1984, George Orwell warns us about the persona of propaganda by government to control people.The propaganda utilizationd by the government in 1984, during the time period of the book, and at once is use to keep the government in control, to force people to take in one way and to leave the citizens think what the government trusts them to. Propaganda is selective information that is given for many different reasons. Gover nments tend to use this method to extend in control. In 1984, the Party uses fake messages to stay in control and make the people of Oceania think they be doing well for their nation. A message given by the government was anxietySee more Ethnic groups and racism essayYour attention, please A newsflash has arrived from the Malabar front at this moment. Our forces in South India have won a glorious victory. I am authorized to say that the action we are now reporting may well bring the war within mensural distance of its end. Here is the newsflash- (Orwell 25-26). In this situation, the Party told the citizens the war is over and they have won. Little do the citizens know, in that respect was never a war happening. The government told the people this lie so that the people would gain fancy and call up they are safe.All throughout the war the people of Oceania were projecting food to who they thought were the soldiers conflict for their coun return but all the food really went to the Party. Just like the Party in 1984, Adolf Hitler and the Nazis told their people dishonest information to stay in control. Hitler and his soldiers strained prisoners to send false material back to their love ones. Concentration camp and killing center officials compelled prisoners, many of whom would soon die in gas chambers, to send postcards home stating that they were being treated well and living in good conditions, (final solution History OL).Hitler uses propaganda to concoct up mass murders and to make the people back home believe that the ones they love are safe. age the family and friends of these innocent people had no worries, the unfortunate prisoners at the concentration camps were suffering and were being tortured to death. due(p) to the threat of being killed on the spot, the prisoners were forced to write only good things in their letters that were displace to their families. Today, governments still use propaganda to stay in control. Recently, President B arack Obama used propaganda to defend himself and assure his people would not go against him.When there was a fall in States ambassador stationed at an embassy in Libya, Obama knew that his people were in hazard but did not send troops to Libya to cheer the United States citizens. Romney went on to say that he valued to seduce that for the record, because it took the president 14 days before he called the attack in Benghazi an act of scare (Due Diligence Did Obama Initially Deem Libya Attacks a Terrorist Act? OL). The president knew that the attack at the embassy in Libya was an act of terror for fourteen days and did not announce it to the people of the United States.Obama was guilty because he did not send troops to protect his staff members in the embassy and the members were being attacked by the terrorist group, al-Qaeda. Obama cherished to dawn up his mistake so he pretended he did not know that the attack was a terrorist attack. Barack Obama lied to his people and to ld them that what happened was not an act of terror. Propaganda has been used by governments for many years and a routine for using it is for the government to keep their power. Governments also use propaganda to get their people to think in true ways.George Orwell demonstrates the use of propaganda this way in 1984 by showing how the Party forced the people of Oceania into believing what they told them because the citizens had no choice whether to listen to the Party or not. The horrible thing about the Two Minutes abhor was not that one was obliged to act a part, but, on the contrary, that it was impossible to avoid joining in, (Orwell 14). The citizens of Oceania are forced to go to the Two Minutes Hate where they are taught about the war and they listen to speeches by Goldstein that are fabricated.The people are not told that these speeches are false but are told to listen to everything Goldstein has to say. In the time period when 1984 was written, Hitler and the Nazis did w hatever it took to brainwash the people with propaganda. If they didnt follow the propaganda they were punished and were brainwashed to believe that Hitler and the Nazis were right, (Holocaust History OL). Hitler did not care what kind of information he was sending out as recollective as the people believed what he was saying.If they did not follow it, the punishment given to them was strict and made them tame to Hitler in rig to avoid the harsh punishments. US President Barack Obama has promised to do whatever is necessary to protect US citizens abroad and said he was urging foreign governments to guarantee their security, (Bowen OL). Obama knew that the lives of his people were in danger. He knew that he should have sent troops over to Libya to protect the people of the United States. Although, Obama had said he would do whatever was necessary to protect his citizens, he did not. When Obama didnt send troops to Libya for protection, four embassy staff members from the United St ates were killed including ambassador Chris Stevens.Governments tend to lie to their citizens without them knowing, which forces to them to believe what they are being told. Propaganda is used by governments to make their citizens believe only what they want them to believe. In 1984 the Party used different slogans to make the people think what they wanted the people to think. The party is trying to convince the people of Oceania that what they want is what they already have. They do not want freedom because it is slavery.If they were free they would not be happy and would not live the way they do. The citizens are forced to believe that war is peace and that being unaware of what is going on is strength. The government in 1984 assures people will believe the government so there is no way they will rebel against them. During the Holocaust, Hitler used media that all the German citizens saw to persuade them with his opinion. Newspapers in Germany, above all Der Sturmer (The Attacker) , printed cartoons that used anti-Semitic caricatures to return Jews, (Holocaust History OL).All German citizens and soldiers were told such harsh things about the Jews who in reality did zero point wrong. Hitler used everything he could in order to voice his opinion. Once the people kick the bucketed seeing this horrible media, they rattling began to believe it. The Jews were tortured for the longest time for someones opinion that people began to believe for no reason. Still today, governments try and control their peoples minds by giving false information. The governments lies are what get the citizens to believe what they tell the people of their country.Propaganda has been used all around the world for several years. George Orwell used his novel, 1984, as a warning to show the future how propaganda is utilized by the government. The administrations use methods like propaganda in order to keep their control, get their citizens to think in one way, and to make their people bel ieve in the government. In 1984 the Party feeds the people information in the form of propaganda which they want their citizens to believe. They do this in order to stay in control and so that the people have no reason to rebel against them.Just as the Party does in 1984, Hitler tells Germany and people all over the world false information so that they think what he is doing is morally right. He advertises his opinion everywhere and eventually people catch on and start believing it also. President Obama also gave his United States citizens false information so they would think he was doing the reprobate thing and so his people would not go against him. George Orwell portrayed the use of propaganda in his novel, 1984, very accurately as we can see the propaganda that is still used by governments today.

Child Obesity Problem Essay Example for Free

Child obesity Problem EssayAbstract. Child obesity has been a solemn issue in America. or so a 1/3 of chelaren populations ar oerweight or chance becoming weighty. Children atomic number 18 take in un estimable fodders with minimal nutritional value and the fleshly education programs are world cut of the school twenty-four hours. Since these are the major ca habituates of obesity they spell doom for America. The Bill no S. 100 in like manner known as Healthy Students Act of 2007 was introduced by Barbara Boxer the California Senator who is likewise an advocate of small fryren and families. (www.govtrack.us).It advocates for the health of children in schools by promoting better nutrition and increased animal(prenominal) activities. Ameri flowerpot Diabetes link (ADA) and the American Heart connecter (AHA) support it. Major causes of obesity are lack of physical make for combined with poor diet. A balance must be struck so that nutritionists calorie expenditure does not outdo calorie utilization. Children need to burn up calories through physical activities. They should not over rely on electrostatic leisure activities like watching television, surfing the net and playing perioding moving picture gamesChildhood obesity is associated to various health effects like hypertension, diabetes and respiratory diseases illnesses for instance diabetes and high air pressure. It is therefore an consequential national institutionalize that will criminal maintenance save the children of America. However, its implementation could be slow up due to the legislative process that could take time. Again the tax stick outers who are expected to neckcloth it might check it.The Healthy Students Act of 2007 Bill no S. 100 is a heyday that encourages the healthy of children in schools by promoting better nutrition and increased physical activities. It is a national observance that was sponsored by Barbara boxer of CA on January 4th 2007. (www.govtrac k.us) The bill requires the establishment of a pilot program providing grants to school districts or non-profit organizations for use in promoting healthy food alternatives under the school lunch and school breakfast programs. It amends the universe Health Service Act to establish a student loan forgiveness program for nurses who admit to employment as full-time nurses in elementary or lower-ranking schools for 3 complete years. It also amends the Internal Revenue Code to allow corporations a tax deduction for the charitable persona to a private foundation of engagement or gymnasium equipment for use by elementary and secondary school students. The proposed policy is a federal legislation to be enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives. The legislation is real realistic and can therefore be successfully implemented. The federal government is expected to sponsor it. shortly it has been referred to the committee of finance and is in the process of deliberation. The prop osal affects all people as it focuses on schools, which are heterogeneous in terms of gender, color or race. Members of the American Diabetes necktie (ADA) and the American Heart connectedness (AHA) who supported the Healthy School Act in New York State support the policy.The American Diabetes Association is the nations leading 501(c) 3 non-profit health organization that provides diabetes research, information and advocacy. The American Heart Association is a national voluntary health agency whose mission is to build healthier lives free from cardiovascular diseases and stroke. (www.americaheart.org) Barbara Boxer who introduced it supports it. She is the current senator of the state of California. She has been an advocate of children and family and it would suffice to say that she represents Californian as well as the children. The AHA and ADA represent the promotion of healthier lifestyles for children. They are concerned about the increased health risks associated with ever-ch anging lifestyles for Americans and are focused to promote the straightforward health of children. To support their positions the three parties have their arguments. Senator Boxer proposed the bill because children are eating unhealthy foods with minimal nutritional value and the physical education programs are being cut of the school day. AHA is concerned with promoting healthy lifestyles and lowering cholesterol levels through diet and physical exercise as well as preventing children from having cholesterol related to health problems when they grow into adulthood. Americans should not be move by this policy. First, obesity in children is an issue that has attracted their concern and the dietary guidelines provided have been amended from section 9(a) of Richard B. Russell matter School Lunch Act (42 U.S.C 1758 a)) This proposal is likely to be opposed by the local taxpayers. To fund proposal taxes may be imposed on them reducing their disposable incomes. Being forced to pay hi gher taxes may see them oppose the bill. Costs would be incurred as the programs to grow own food in schools and hiring of more than physical education teachers would be incorporated. Another challenge that the bill buttocks is the legislative process, which may delay. The committees may reject them for instance the senate finance may hinder its proceeding from one position to the next. Obesity among children has been increasing at alarming rates. People have adapted sedentary lifestyles and are not stinging on the nutritional requirements of food. Convenience plays an meaning(a) role in determining the food that one consumes. Approximately a 1/3 of children populations are lowering or risk becoming grievous. Childhood obesity is associated to various health effects like hypertension, diabetes and respiratory diseases.The major cause of obesity is lack of physical exercise combined with poor diet. (www.mayoclinic.com). A balance must be struck so that calorie intake does not o utdo calorie utilization. Although obesity in children affects people of all races, gender or color it has been observed that Africa American and Mexican American children are more likely to be overweight compared to non-Hispanic whites. It therefore suffices to say that people of color or the minority groups are more affected by obesity. Children of poor families are also more likely to be obese. Regular consumption of pre-packaged food, fast food, fruity drinks can cause obesity as they have quantities of calories and sugars. Consumption of vegetables and legumes is beneficial as they can athletic supporter check on weight and cardiovascular diseases. Children are a critical population that needs more nutrients than human beings for their growth and development. Improving on the diet and exercising levels can help protect childrens health both at the current levels and in future. (Www.mayoclinic.com). Physical exercises help burn out redundant calories in the body. This helps r educe chances of acquiring illnesses for instance diabetes and high blood pressure. They also contribute to healthy swot up and muscles. Children need to burn up calories through physical activities. (www.kidshealth.org). They should not over rely on inactive leisure activities like watching television, surfing the net and playing video games. Families must play an great role in ensuring that their children stay healthy. Parents have a major role to play in influencing their childrens health. Parents are responsible for shopping and cooking in their homes and they determine the lifestyles to be adapted. They also set examples of the eating patterns as well as exercising patterns that to be adopted by their children. Parents should engage their children parents should engage their children in physical activities like swimming and jogging while at the same time ensuring that they provide healthy diets. Incorporating fruits and vegetables in their diets will be beneficial. Parents ca n also ensure that their children take food that is enough or that they eat with moderation. The Mayo Clinic website section on childishness explains the signs, causes and problems that are associated with childhood obesity. It also provides ways by which families can control and prevent obesity in children. (www.mayoclinic.com). Another important website that addresses the costs and consequences that obese children face as well as their potential future with obesity and the weight related health care issue is the Junk Food Science. The Kids Health website provides important in-depth information to parents on how they should maintain their childrens health. It addresses the issues related to childhood obesity and its effects. Obesity in America organization website addresses the obesity issues. It focuses more on health check reasons for obesity. Obesity in children increases their healthcare expenditure compared to non-obese children. Obese children are more likely to have resea rch laboratory-screening tests as medical staff belief that they are at greater risks. Their blood pressure levels or lab values for cholesterol are higher than for normal healthy children translating to the increased costs.They are screened for blood pressure, sleep apnea and orthopedic abnormalities. (Junkfoodscience.blogspot.com). Advocacy groups that can be useful in combating obesity in the US allow in the Endocrine society and The Hormone foundation. The Endocrine society is the worlds largest and most active skipper organization of endocrinologists in the world and it is dedicated to promoting excellence in research, education and clinical advancements in the endocrinology field. The hormone foundation is an affiliate of the endocrine society and its very important in disseminating information. It has established programs on childhood or pediatric obesity. It works hand in hand with the Congress and Federal agencies that impact policies transaction with obesity. (www.obes ityinamerica.org). Parents should be create time to prepare nutritious foods for their children. They should not opt for the quick fix that can harm their childrens health. Obese children can have problems with their self esteem as they can be teased or bullied by their classmates. Obesity in children causes psychological problems to them. Overweight children can have tusk and joint problems. They increase their chances of developing asthma and they can experience shortness of breath making physical activities more difficult. They have restless or disordered sleep patterns that can affect their development. Tendency to ripe earlier is also reported in overweight children and overweight girls tend to have irregular menstrual cycles and fertility problems in their later days. A stitch in time saves nine and adverse overweight effects can be counted if appropriate measures are taken. Schools have contributed to the increased numbers of obese and overweight children in America. Lesse r time is allocated to physical education programs and some schools have cut it altogether. Sedentary lifestyles in children have consequently aggravated. Although genetics may contribute to obesity in children, the impact may be reduced if physical exercises and strict dietary measures are followed. It could be difficult to establish if an obese child born of obese parents is obese due to the genetic factor or due to the family lifestyles. (Www.kidshealth.org). Parents should set smashing examples by adhering to appropriate diets as well as participating in exercises. They should not reward good behavior with sweets as they have high sugar levels. Educating the children about the importance of healthy diets is necessary. Children could rebel if last elimination of sweets, snacks or candies is done. They could find ways to access such foods in absence of their parents. Again dominating a specific physical activity on them should be avoided and a variety should be included. The m edia plays an important role in favoring unhealthy food. children who see people favoring foods in fast foods or in cartoon shows have the mentality that such food is appropriate. They urge their parents to offer them such foods. Children should eat more fruits, vegetables and whole grains. They also ought to get 30-60 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercises each day depending on their age. (www.kidshealth.org). Grains provide energy needs for the child and includes whole meal bread, cereals and pasta. They give children energy to play and carry out important activities. Vegetables provide minerals and vitamins needed for good health. They also provide fiber that is important in aiding digestion. Milk is important as it provides vitamin A, D, calcium and proteins. Fats should be used sparingly on children. (Www.kidshealth.org) Although the bill might never make it out of the committee or could be revised and incorporated in an already existing bill, I think this is a very applicab le policy that can help save American children the consequences of obesity. Disseminating proper information to people through the media can work to curb child obesity. People should also take their own initiative to fight child obesity.ReferencesMayo Clinic staff. 2007. Childhood obesity. Retrieved on twenty-third February 2008 fromhttp//www.mayoclinic.com/health/childhood-obesity/DS00698Sandy Szwarc. 2007. Retrieved on 23rd February 2008 fromhttp//junkfoodscience.blogspot.com/2007/01/fat-children-burdens.htmlEndocrine Society and The Hormone Foundation. 2008.Retrieved on 23rd February 2008 from http//www.obesityinamerica.org/aboutus.htmlThe Nemours Foundation. 2008. Kids Health. Retrieved on 23rd February 2008 from http//www.kidshealth.org/parent/GovTrack.US. 2008. S. 100 Healthy Students Act of 2007. Retrieved on 23rd February 2008 from http//www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=s110-100

Background Information On Undernutrition Health And Social Care Essay

Background instruction On Undernutrition wellness And Social Cargon EssayMalnutrition could be defined as an unbalance amidst nutrients and competency submit to the cells and the bodys requirement for branch, maintenance and item functions (1). That is, malnutrition could be over nutrition, in which case the bodys nutrients and animation supply exceeds what the body requires, or downstairsnutrition, in which case the nutrients and energy supply does not meet the bodys demand. An exercise of over nutrition is obesity whiles and example of beneathnutrition is marasmus or kwashiorkor.Malnutrition is responsible for ab fall out 5.6 to 10 one thousand one million million baby mortality annually, 1.5million of these deaths is as a conduces of spartan malnutrition (). nutritional precondition of an individual reflects the balance between the nutrients employment and its utilization in the processes of development, wellness maintenance and reproduction (). Thus, it extends from nutrient levels in the body, the end products of metabolism to the functional activities that they control ().Undernutrition is disturbing because it is responsible for more than a third of all s bugger offr deaths in ontogenesis countries (1). It blunts the mind, affects the productivity of its victims and brings about poverty (24). It is important to address the issue of undernutrition if on that point is any(prenominal) hope of achieving the millenary Development Goals (MDGs), especially MDG 1 which is to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. Proper nutrition helps give any baby bird the best start in life. Beside all infant has a right to competent nutrition. However, at that place be a significant proportion of nestlingren who be denied this right for reasons that could easily be prevented. An estimated 13 million children under 5 historic period globally be severely undernourished and 50% of them die from preventable causes (1). Interestingly, 99% of the ch ild deaths occur in the create countries (24). Up to date studies point out that, one in terce children less than five years in the create world are undernourished with sub-Saharan Africa and Asia having in high spirits rates, of 40 per cent and 35 per cent respectively (24).Currently, it is estimated that one-third of children less than five years of date in developing countries are stunted ( imprint height-for- get along with), whiles significant proportion of them, are likewise deficient in one or more micronutrients (24). Studies shows that, a child with severe undernutrition enrolls late in school and alike affects his or her per inningance in school (26).This contributes significantly to the increased rates of school drop- out and doubtlessly contributing to the issue of meaningful access and educational outcome (25). This could be attributed to the fact that, the harm cause by undernutrition to children during the freshman ii years, especially between 6 months and 2 4months is irreversible because it is the period of rapid brain reading (25).In order to ensure that all children achieve optimal nutrition as thoroughly as low relative incidence of infectious disease and infant mortality from malnutrition, it is important that we understand the factors that contributes to undernutrition (23).CONCEPTUAL disgorge WORK OF CHILD UNDERNUTRITION.According to the United Nations tiddlerrens Emergency Fund (UNICEF), the theoretical outline of child malnutrition shows many interventions that can decrease morbidity and mortality associated with malnutrition (23). To prevent or manage malnutrition, the factors implicated needs evaluation. In addition, the various causes of malnutrition overlap, that is immediate causes, underlying causes and basic causes (23).Figure 1 conceptual framework of childhood undernutrition1.2.1 prompt CAUSESThe immediate causes of childhood malnutrition is classified as, meagre diet as well as stress, trauma, diseases (such( prenominal) as HIV, TB etc) and poor psychosocial care. Poor dietetic ingestion may refer to poor breast supply practices, early weaning, delayed institution of complementary feed.It is known that the stage from take to both years of age is the significant period for the furtherance of good growth, health, behavioral and cognitive development (24). Therefore, optimal infant and young child feeding is important during this period. Regrettably, this period (especially between 6 to 24months later on birth), is often marked by growth faltering, micronutrient deficiencies as well as unwashed childhood unhealthinesses such as diarrhoea and incisive respiratory infections (ARI) (24). The WHO in that locationfore recommends best feeding practices during this period, which involves early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life, cut throughd breastfeeding for up to 2 years of age and beyond, timely introduction of complementary fe eding at 6 months of age, frequency of feeding, solid/semisolid solid nutritions, and the diversity of viands groups fed to children between 6 and 24months of age (1).Exclusive breastfeeding is an excellent way of providing comely food for a babys first six months of life (21). An estimated 1.4 million deaths occurs globally among under five children every year because of miserable or suboptimum breastfeeding (22). The close to recent data show that, in the developing world, 36 per cent of 0-5 month olds are exclusively breastfed, whiles 60 per cent of 6-8 month olds are breastfed and given over complementary foods and55 per cent of 20-23 month olds are provided with continued breastfeeding (22). Also among newborns, 43 per cent started breastfeeding inside the first hour after birth (22).Adequate complementary feeding of children from 6 months to two years is unfavorable in preventing undernutrition. Proper timing of complementary feed introduction also helps prevent under nutrition. Early outgrowth of complementary food is found to be associated increased risk of acute respiratory tract infections, core infections and high malaria morbidity. This is because, when complementary feeding is initiated, it results in compactd breastmilk consumption which could results in the loss of passive resistance from the m early(a) to the child (23). Thus causing higher morbidity especially when unhygienic foods are employ, as a results of development of diarrhoea (23). This is supported by a break down done in India, which shows that growth curves weaken by 4months of life as a consequence of early initiation of complementary feeding (23). Evidence further shows that, complementary feeding practices are generally poor among developing countries, thus children continue to be vulnerable to permanent outcomes like acrobatics and impaired cognitive development (24).Currently in Ghana, there is widespread child malnutrition, contributing to the continuous high chi ld mortality (25). About 39% of all Ghanaian 2 year olds are moderately or severely stunted with the incidence rising in the Northern domains (25). Studies show that undernutrition is more prevalent in the rural than the urban areas of the inelegant (3). Al around one in five children under age five in Ghana are under heaviness (18 portion) and 3% are classified as severely under lean (25). Nearly a trace of children (22%) are stunted or too short for their age and 5 percentage are excess or too thin for their height (1).1.2.2. UNDERLYING CAUSESIt include inadequate levels of household food security, inadequate care of infant and children, low levels of education of mother/caregivers, inadequate health care and insanitary milieu (23).1.2.3. BASIC CAUSES OF MALNUTRITIONThis is also called the root causes of malnutrition and it include deprived and control of resources (such as political, social, ideological and frugal), degradation, of the environment, poor agriculture, war, political instability, urbanization, population growth and seize, distribution, conflicts, trade agreements and natural disasters, religious and cultural factors (23).PROBLEM STATEMENT.Globally it is estimated that 60 million children have moderate acute and 13 million have severe acute malnutrition(SAM) (23) . 50% of 10 to 11 children below five years die from preventable causes such as undernutrition (23). Studies have also shown that 9% of children in the sub-saharan Africa have moderate acute malnutrition whiles 2% of them are severely malnuhrised (23). bingle of the identified factors contributing to high mortality rates from undernutrition is because, only severe cases of malnutrition are reported with most of them reporting late.According to a press released by the Central Regional Nutrition Officer on 20th September 2011, Four hundred and twenty seven (427) severe malnutrition cases among children were recorded (from January to June, finale year) by the Central Region He alth Administration, with Agona West having the highest of 113 followed by Upper Denkyira East with 83 cases. Eighty two percent (82%) of the cases were children from zero to two years. Fifty four per cent (54%) are females with forty six percent (46%) being males (4). According to the Ghana demographic and health survey report released in 2008, out of a total number of 246 children from the central region involved in the study, 47.8% of them had height for age below -3SD (indicating severe stunting), 22.6% had weight for age below -3SD (indicating severe wasting) and 13.7% had weight for height below -3SD (indicating severe undernutrition) (19). According to the report, out of 292 children born in the region over the period of the research, 99.3% were breastfed (19). Out of this, 55.5% of them breastfeeding was started within an hour after birth whiles 79.1% of them were breastfeed within 24hours after birth (19). The burden of undernutrition cannot be ignored when considering the health of a country, most importantly in a developing country like Ghana. Although Ghana recently attained a lower middle income country spot, the prevalence of undernutrition has been persistently high. More needs to be done in wrong of childhood nutrition if the millennium goals 4 is to be achieved. Undernutrition reduces an increased susceptibility to infections, slow recovery from illness and poor outcomes from simple medical conditions.The critical window , which is the period of birth up to two years (24 months) of life, is an important period of preventing undernutrition . If undernutrition is not taken care of during this critical period, it may lead to irreversible damage for future development towards adulthood such as low intellect which may at long last affect productivity.RATIONAL OF STUDY.Infant and child morbidity and mortality as well as the economic ability of the country will always continue to be a problem if the nutritional status of young children(6 to24m onths) is overlooked.If infant and child mortalities goes high, the government spends huge sums of money to reduce or prevent them. This could be avoided by just identifying and addressing the factors that are associated with undernutrition. For example, an inexpensive way of ensuring good child nutrition is to educate mothers to maneuver themselves in good child feeding practices such as exclusive breastfeeding for 6months and timely introduction of attribute complementary feeding.This study seeks to assess the nutritional status of children 6months to 24months in order to identify those who have any form of undernutrition which is hintd by stunting, wasting and underweight.This will help identify the common factors that contributes to undernutrition so that programmes could be accommodate towards children 6 months to 24 months as a whole.STUDY HYPOTHESISChildhood undernutrition is influenced by socio-demographic factors, child feeding practices and the health history of child and mother/caregiver pair.GENERAL OBJECTIVETo assess the nutritional status of children 6months to 24months attending child welfare clinic in the cape coast metropolis and examine the factors associated with it.SPECIFIC OBJECTIVESThe specific objectives are toDetermine the socio demographic background of mother/caregiver and child (6 to 24 months old) pair.Determine the nutritional status of children between the ages of 6months and 24months.Determine the child feeding practices of mothers/ caregivers and its association with child nutritional status.Identify the common food items used in complementary feeding of children 6 to 24months.Determine the health history including acute (diarrhoea, respiratory tract infection, anemia and malaria) and chronic illnesses such as TB and HIV) of children between 6months and 24months and their association with undernutrition.CHAPTER 22.1. INTRODUCTIONWorldwide, hunger and malnutrition are the two most significant domain health challenges (23). Malnutrition increases the risk for illness and death with millions of both children and women being affected as a results of infections, poor and inadequate diet (23). Reports suggest that infants and young children are the most venerable to malnutrition because of their increased nutritional needs to support growth (23).Nutritional disorders arise from imbalance between supply of protein-energy and the bodys demand for them to ensure optimal growth and function (23). This imbalance includes both inadequate and excessive nutrient inspiration the former leading to malnutrition in the form of wasting, stunting and underweight whilst the latter results in overweight and obesity (23).Malnutrition is often used to in place of PEM (protein energy malnutrition), which is commonly regarded and its severe forms are called marasmus, kwashiorkor and miasmic kwashiorkor (23). SAM is a term used to describe a combination of all the different forms of PEM, it refers to weight for height 2.2. PR EVALENCE OF MALNUTRITIONGlobally, the nutritional status of children is improving with the elision of sub-Saharan Africa. This progress is however hindered by poverty, infection and inefficient governance (22). In a study conducted among developing countries, was second to Asia in monetary value of the number of children who are stunted, underweight and wasted (23).Table 2.1. prevalence of PEM among children under 5years in developing countries, 1995.REGIONWASTING /%STUNTING /%UNDERWEIGHT /%Africa39288Asia413510Latin America and Caribbean18103Oceania31235(Muller and krawntel, 2005). In the suppose of the worlds children report released in 1998, malnutrition resulted in about seven million deaths which are about 55% of all child deaths (23). Of these, three quarters are mild to moderately malnourished without obvious signs of problems (23).According to a press released by the Central Regional Nutrition Officer on 20th September 2011, Four hundred and twenty seven (427) severe ma lnutrition cases among children were recorded (from January to June, last year) by the Central Region Health Administration, with Agona West having the highest of 113 followed by Upper Denkyira East with 83 cases. Eighty two percent (82%) of the cases were children from zero to two years. Fifty four per cent (54%) are females with forty six percent (46%) being males (4). In the 2008 Ghana demographic and health survey, out of a total number of 246 children from the central region involved in the study, 47.8% of them had height for age below -3SD (indicating severe stunting), 22.6% had weight for age below -3SD (indicating severe wasting) and 13.7% had weight for height below -3SD (indicating severe undernutrition) (19). In the report, out of 292 children born in the region over the period of the research, 99.3% were breastfed (19). Out of this, 55.5% of them breastfeeding was started within an hour after birth whiles 79.1% of them were breastfeed within 24hours after birth (19).2.3. CLASSIFICATION OF MALNUTRITIONMalnutrition, defined in this context as nutritional deficiency, is a serious public health problem that has been linked to a substantial increase in the risk of mortality and morbidity. It is usually used to describe protein energy malnutrition.Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) refers to a group of related disorders which include marasmus, kwashiorkor and marasmus-kwashiorkor (2). Marasmus involves inadequate ambition of protein and calories and is characterized by maceration or wasting (2). Kwashiorkor refers to an inadequate protein expenditure with reasonable caloric (energy) inspiration and it is characterized by edema (2). Therefore the major clinical difference between marasmus and kwashiorkor is the wasting which is seen in marasmus but wanting in kwashiorkor and edema which is present in kwashiorkor but absent in marasmus. Moreover, in the intermediate state of marasmus kwashiorkor, there is both wasting and edema. Studies suggest that marasmus represents an adaptive response to starving, whereas kwashiorkor represents a maladaptive response to starvation (2). Children, usually present with a mixed picture of marasmus and kwashiorkor, hence the term protein- energy malnutrition is commonly used in child malnutrition (2). Patients with protein-energy malnutrition may also have deficiencies of vitamins, essential adipose acids, and trace elements (2).In marasmus the insufficient energy intake to match the bodys requirements causes the body draw on its own stores thus resulting in emaciation (2). In kwashiorkor, because there is adequate carbohydrate ( caloric) consumption but inadequate protein intake leads to decrease tax write-off of visceral proteins (2).This result in hypoalbuminemia (low albumen in blood) which contributes to extravascular changeful accumulation as a result of reduced intravascular oncotic pressure (2). Another effect is the impaired synthesis of B-lipoprotein thus leading to a fat liver (2). Marasmus and kwashiorkor could both be associated with impaired glucose clearance that relates to dysfunction of pancreatic -cells (2). Protein-energy malnutrition also involves an inadequate intake of many essential nutrients such as zinc, vitamins e.t.c (2).The WHO classifies malnutrition into moderate and severe malnutrition (23). Malnutrition is classified as severe when there is the presence of symmetrical edema (malnutrition edema), weight-for-height SD-score 2.4. ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUSThe severity of malnutrition varies in terms of its clinical, biochemical and physiologic features. These features are also affected by the age of the child, nutritional deficits and infections. Diagnosis of child malnutrition is do by taking a detailed dietary history and demonstrating the presence of clinical features, which are weight loss, slow growth/ growth retardation, childs physical activity and energy levels, the recent history of diarrhoea, immune-suppression and many other features.The assessment of nutritional status according to weight-for-height, height-for-age and presence of nutritional edema is the WHO standard criteria for diagnosing undernutrition (1). Whilst the child with edematous malnutrition could easily be identified by most clinicians, wasting as a form of malnutrition could easily be missed if anthropometric measurements are not done. Growth assessment in terms of anthropometry is routinely done at child welfare clinics and at the end of all physical exam of a child during all hospital visits (1).2.5. COMPLICATIONS / EFFECTS OF UNDERNUTRITIONIn 2000, the WHO estimated that malnourished children numbered 181.9 million (32%) in developing countries. In addition, an estimated 149.6 million children under 5 years are malnourished when measured in terms of weight for age (2). Approximately 50% of the 10 million deaths each year in developing countries occur because of malnutrition in children under 5 years (2). In kwashiorkor, morta lity tends to decrease as the age of onset increases (2). Marasmus usually occurs in children under 5years this may be due to the fact that this period is characterized by increased energy requirements and increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections (2). Also weaning (the gradual pulling out of breast milk and the commencement of nourishment with other food) occurs during this high-risk period (2). Weaning is usually mixed by geography, socio-economy, hygiene, public health, culture, and dietetics (2). Due to the complex nature of weaning, it could become ineffective when the foods introduced provide inadequate nutrients, when the food and water are contaminated, when the access to health care is inadequate, and/or when the patient cannot access or obtain proper nourishment (2).Since low intake of calories or an inability to absorb calories is the key factor in the development of kwashiorkor, variety of syndromes could be associated with kwashiorkor (2). Clinically children would have poor weight gain or weight loss (slowing of linear growth) and behavioral changes such as, irritability, apathy (characteristically, the child is apathetic when undisturbed but uneven when picked up), decreased social responsiveness, anxiety, and attention deficit (2). In marasmus, the child appears emaciated with significant loss of subcutaneous fat and muscle wasting. Other features include xerotic, wrinkled, and loose skin loss of buccal fat pads given rise to what is called monkey face (2). In protein-energy malnutrition, more hairs are in the telogen (resting) phase than in the anagen (active) phase, a reverse of normal (2). Kwashiorkor typically presents with failure to thrive, edema, moon face, a swollen abdomen (potbelly), and a fatty liver (2). Skin changes are characteristic and could progress over few days, thus the skin becomes dark, dry, and accordingly splits open when stretched, revealing pale areas between the cracks(2).Globally, the most commo n cause of malnutrition is inadequate food intake (2). Preschool-aged children in developing countries are often at risk for malnutrition because of the following factors their dependence on others for food increased protein and energy requirements immature immune systems causing a greater susceptibility to infection and word-painting to non-hygienic conditions (2).Another important factor is ineffective weaning as a result of ignorance, poor hygiene, socio-economic factors, and cultural factors (2). Diseases such as gastrointestinal infections can and often do precipitate clinical protein-energy malnutrition because of associated diarrhea, anorexia, vomiting, increased metabolic needs, and decreased intestinal absorption (2).2.6. TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE UNDERNUTRITIONIn the first stride in the interference of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), which is also known as the initial phase/stabilization phase, the aim of treatment is to correct fluid and electrolyte abnorm alities and to treat any infections (2). Macronutrient repletion or dietary treatment with F75 and F100 should be commenced within 48 hours under the supervision of nutrition specialists (2). Other treatment action in this stage includes, correcting hypoglycemia, hypothermia and dehydration among others. The second step in the treatment, referred to us the rehabilitation phase, may be delayed 24-48 h in children. The aim is to supply macronutrients by dietary therapy to rapidly replenish the energy stores depleted by malnutrition (2). After a week, intake rates should approach 175 kcal/kg and 4 g/kg of protein for children (2). A daily multivitamin pill should also be added (2).Any child who is at risk of nutritional deficiency should be referred to a registered dietitian or other nutritional professional for a complete nutritional assessment and dietary counseling (2). Subspecialty referrals should be considered if the underlying cause is not poor nutritional intake e.g. if clinica l findings indicate malabsorption, a gastroenterologist should be consulted (2). Children with poor nutrition as a result of inadequate intake and/or neglect should be referred to the impound social agencies to assist the family in obtaining resources and providing ongoing care for the child (2). The last phase which is ignored by most health workers is the follow up, its to be done at appropriate intervals to enable the child and mother/caregiver pair to have counseling and guidance.2.7. CHILD MALNUTRITIONAL STUDIESIn a randomized community based trial of the effects of remedyd, centrally processed complementary foods on growth and micronutrient status, infants fed with weanimix had better iron stores and vitamin A status than those fed on nonfortified foods(13) . Therefore, mothers practicing complementary feeding should be encouraged to use fortified foods such as weanimix, NAN 1e.t. c. The study, however used limited food variety and also did not include simple local foods lik e groundnut paste, millet e.t.c.As give tongue to by a case-control study, on Risk factors for severe acute malnutrition in children under the age of five, there is an association between severe acute malnutrition and inappropriate infant and young child feeding practices (16). This suggests that, adequate or proper child feeding practices could prevent childhood undernutrition. Hence efforts, aimed at reducing child undernutrition needs to emphasize the proper feeding of children.In reference to a study on undernution as an underlying cause of child deaths associated with diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and measles, significant proportion of deaths in young children worldwide is attributable to low weight-for-age (underweight). The study also showed, 52.5% of all deaths in young children were attributable to undernutrition, which is different form 44.8% for deaths because of measles to 60.7% for deaths because of diarrhea (). This shows that, the fight against childhood killer disea se should involve the fight against undernutrition since it is a significant co-morbidity for child mortality.A different study, on a multilevel analysis of individual and community effect on chronic childhood malnutrition , revealed that individual and community characteristics are important predictors of childhood malnutrition(). This indicates that, there are individual factors which are dependent on the child as well as environmental factors which are determined by the community. Thus the geographical location as well as individual traits could predispose a child to undernutrition.Another study also revealed that, Household Food Security is inversely proportional to undernutrition (). This indicates that once food security levels in households increases, the prevalence of undernutrition decreases. Several factors affects food security, such factors includes conflicts, war, political instability, famine, poor food depot systems e.t.c. In this regard, policies addressing these fa ctors will improve food security levels in the country which will intern improve child undernutrition.A crosectional study on potentially modifiable micro-environmental and co-morbid factors associated with severe wasting and stunting in children , identified social class and feeding practices as the significant risk factors associated with wasting (). This indicates that, improving the sustenance standard of citizenry ultimately improves the incidence of childhood undernutrition.A research on Prevalence of Malnutrition and effect of Maternal Age, Education and Occupation Amongst Children showed high prevalence of stunting, medium wasting and underweight had no statistically significant association with educational level and occupation of the mothers(). Thus indicating that, mothers/caregivers do not need to have high educational level or white color job to prevent or reduce child undernutrition. Therefore, policies aimed at educating mothers/caregivers should be directed to every one without prejudice of the persons work or educational level.2.8. CONCLUSIONChild undernutrition is a problem that affects individual, society, ethical, moral and political levels. Factors associated with it cuts across socio-demographic, health and geographical location.CHAPTER 3METHODOLOGY3.1. deal designThis was a crosectional study involving 100 child and mother/caregiver pair standardd from five health facilities randomly selected. The study was conducted over a one month period. Mothers/Caregivers of children between 6months and 24months old were eligible for mesh and were randomly selected after they had consented.3.2. Study settingThe Cape Coast Metropolitan is bounded on the sec by the Gulf of Guinea, west by the Komenda / Edina / Eguafo /Abrem Municipal, east by the Abura/Asebu/Kwamankese District and north by the Twifu/Hemang/ deject Denkyira District (4). The Metropolis covers an area of 122 square kilometers and is the smallest metropolis in the country and is als o the capital metropolis of the Central Region of Ghana (4). The total population of the cape coast metropolis is 217,032 with a population growth rate of3.1%(5).Generally, there are two rainy seasons in the metropolis (4). The peak of the major season is in June (4). The vegetation is divided into dry coastal savanna stretching about 15 km inland, and a tropical rain forest with various reserve areas (5). The major economic activities are agriculture andfishing (5).3.3. Samples seizeThe formular used in calculating the sample seize isSample Size = n1 + (n/population)Where n = Z - Z P (1-P)/(D-D)P = True proportion of factor in the population, or the pass judgment frequency valueD = Maximum difference between the sample mean and the population mean,Or Expected Frequency Value minus (-) Worst Acceptable ValueZ = Area under normal curve corresponding to the desired confidence levelThe prevalence of undernutrition among children under 5 years in Ghana was 28.60% at the end .of 2008 (3 ). The population of children between 6months and 24 months of age registered at the health facilities within the cape coast metropolis, attending child welfare clinic is 238. The desired confidence level used was 95% with the value of Z = 1.960, from the confidence level. The confidence limit (D) of 4% (i.e. 4).Hence, n= 1.960-1.9600.286 (1-0.286)/(0.04-0.04) = 489.804Therefore sample seize = 489.804 = 160.17141+(489.804/238)Hence the sample seize was 160.3.4. SamplingThere are ten health facilities within the cape coast metropolitan catchment area. These ten health facilities include both rural and urban Health centers, CHIP centers, University hospital, Metropolitan hospital and a Regional hospital. These health facilities were subjected to random selection and five of them were selected to accede in the study. The random selection was done by assigning all the facilities to numbers and these numbers were written separately on small sheets of papers and folded. Five different individuals, who are have no sentiment about the study nor were the health facilities involved, at separate times asked to pick one of the folded papers. All the health facilities had equal chance of selection. The selected health facilities included the Central Regional Hospital, Akotokyire CHPS Center, Adisadel Urban Health Ce