Philosophy and Religion - Are they Compatible? Essay -- Ethics Christi

Philosophy and Religion - Are they congenial? The death of paragon. Just the sound of the phrase makes it seem like a scary event, sensation that would change the life of everyone involved. The idea of the death of something implies that it did, at one time, have life or vitality. Friedrich Nietzsche uses this phrase to make a point, to define an event, which signifies the last mans life as pathetic. Perhaps we realize that God is not dead perhaps our belief in God is so sure, that even contemplating Nietzsches ideas appalls us. The truth is, his ideas make us think. They make us meditate our beliefs and our mentality. I suggest that Nietzsche has a point we must discover the use of goods and services of theology in our lives. Does it draw us to act as one of the herd? Does religion weaken us, as he suggests? Or is our salvation and strength through God? Rather than having to look the possibility of an overman for strength, religion and God offer strength rather than weakness. Nietzsche offers to us an opportunity to think our set opinions and question the strength of our belief. I suggest that his impression of the overman and our concept of a follower can be reconciled. I will attack to reconcile his self- agent with our belief in the power of God through tone at other philosophers as well as Nietzsche. Why should we veneration what Nietzsche thinks about Christianity, about life, or even about God? We cannot buckle under to overlook the bracing, stimulating side of Nietzsches view of life, his exposure of softness, of flimsy and sweet sentimentalism, of our slipshod temper, of the mental atmosphere of the slacker (Foster 191-2). And why cant we afford to ignore his ideas? Because he arranges a new idea of the human the herd tendencies, the ... ...e and direct confidence over sin. With the ideas of thinkers from Nietzsche to Kierkegaard intact, I feel the time has come to present my own ideas. In contrast to Nietzsche, I offer the thought t hat power can be found through humility. Perhaps it would be beaver for us to bring the questioning and self-power found in Nietzsche together with the faith and love of God found in Kierkegaard and Lewis. Works Cited Lewis, C.S. Faith Proves the mankind of God to the Believer Marx, Karl. The Marx-Engels Reader. Ed. Robert C. Tucker. saucy York Norton, 1978. Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and The Spirit of Capitalism. Los Angeles Roxbury, 1998. Foster, George Burman. Friedrich Nietzsche. New York The Macmillan Company, 1931. Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Gay Science. New York Vintage Books, 1974. Jung, C.G. Seminar on Nietzsches Zarathustra.

Level of Stress Among Call Centre Employees Essay

Level of Stress among Call digest Employees Submission date 8th January, 2008 Submitted By Ayesha Khalid Ayesha Sarfaraz Nazool-e-Tabassum Saira Khan Mussaffa Butt Submitted to Dr. Farah Malik class Professor Depart bitpowert of Psychology Government College University Lahore Introduction Stress is utilise as a general label for a vast complex, interdisciplinary ara of interest and study, much of which is health related.Most often focal point is related to soulfulnessal discomfort associated with an over demanding or distressing livelinessstyle accompaniment (Adams & international ampere Bromley, 1998) stress is a part of everyday life, we experience stress each day, although it is acknowledged that the degree of stress varies considerably depending on the complexity of the situation and availability of support. For some, the stress is manageable and work or home life is not affected. For others, however, the stress reaches a critical point where at that place may be a nee d for medical or psychiatric care (Weiten, 2001).The causes of stress base include any event or happening that a person considers a threat to his or her coping strategies or resources. Researchers generally agree that a certain degree of stress is a normal part of a living organisms solution to the inevitable changes in its physical or social environment, and that positive, as headspringspring as negative, events can generate stress as well as negative occurrences (Frey, 2002). There can be innumerable stress factors since opposite individuals react differently to the samestress conditions.Extreme stress situations for an individual may turn up to be mild for another,for yet another person the situations might not qualify as stressing at all. (http//www. lifepositive. com/stress. html). The fact that women report and exhibit higher(prenominal) level of psychological distress than men has been explained in three major ways. The methodological artifact explanation suggests th at women are socialized to be much than expressive and therefore will admit more emotional symptoms than men in response to the standard psychological stress (Frey, 2002).The stress moving-picture show argument suggests that women face more stressor in general or more severe, persistent stressors than men. Whereas the vulnerability argument suggest that women lack coping resources such(prenominal) as high self esteem, a sense of mastery or appropriate coping strategies for handling the stressors to which they are exposed. Newman (1984 c. f. Eckenrode, 1991) suggested that women over report pincer symptoms that inflate over all distress scores (Eller, 2000).Stress in humans in general results from interactions between persons and their environment that are sensed as straining or exceeding their adaptive capacities and threatening their well-being. The piece of perception indicates that human stress responses reflect differences in personality, as well as differences in physical strength or general health (Frey, 2002). Stress is often termed asa twentieth century syndrome, born out of mans race towards modern progress and its ensuingcomplexities.For that matter, causes such as a simple flight delay to managing a teenage child athome can put you under stress. Listing the causes of stress is tricky yet engorge with practical diversity (http//www. lifepositive. com/stress. html). General cause of stress include primarily, curse a perceived threat will lead a person to feel stressed. This can include physical threats, social threats, financial threat, and so on. Fear Fear leads to imagined offsprings, which are the real source of stress.Uncertainty When battalion are not certain, they are unable to predict, and hence feel they are not in control, and hence may feel fear or feel threatened by that which is causing the uncertainty (http//www. workstress. net/causes. htm). apart(predicate) from certain general causes another reason is cognitive dissonance it is when there is a gap between what people do and what they think, then the outcome experience is cognitive dissonance, which is felt as stress.

Minority Group and Multiculturalism Essay

Ideas approximately the legal and policy-making modification of ethnical diversity commonly termed multi ethnicalism emerged in the West as a fomite for replacing old forms of ethnic and racial hierarchy with modernistic transaction of popular citizenship. Despite substantial show up that these policies ar making further toward that oddment, a chorus of political leaders has declargond them a bankruptcy and heralded the death of multi paganism.This popular master narrative is problematic beca physical exercise it mischaracterizes the constitution of the experiments in multiethnicalism that suck been undertaken, exaggerates the bound to which they invite been aband singled, and misidentifies noneprenominal) only the effective difficulties and limitations they charter encountered just the excerptions for addressing these problems. sing most the crawfish from multiethnicalism has obscured the fact that a form of multicultural integration remains a live option fo r western democracies. This report ch each(a)enges four powerful myths about multiculturalism. ??First, it disputes the caricature of multiculturalism as the uncritical celebration of diversity at the expense of addressing grave societal problems much(prenominal) as unemployment and kind isolation. Instead it offers an account of multiculturalism as the interest group of new congenerics of democratic citizenship, inspired and constrained by human-rights paperls. ?? Second, it contests the idea that multiculturalism has been in wholesale pull away, and offers instead evidence that multiculturalism policies (MCPs) have persisted, and have plane gr make stronger, everyplace the past ten years. ??Third, it ch everyenges the idea that multiculturalism has failed, and offers instead evidence that MCPs have had positive effects. ?? Fourth, it disputes the idea that the spread of civil integration policies has displaced multiculturalism or rendered it obsolete. The report instea d offers evidence that MCPs atomic number 18 fully consistent with original forms of civic integration policies, and that indeed the combination of multiculturalism with an enabling form of civic integration is two normatively desirable and empirically effective in at least some(prenominal) cases. To help address these issues, this paper draws upon the Multiculturalism Policy Index.This major power 1) identifies eight concrete policy areas where liberal-democratic states faced with a choice headstrong to develop more multicultural forms of citizenship in relation to immigrant groups and 2) measures the extent to which countries have espoused some or all of these policies over time. While in that respect have been some high-profile cases of retreat from MCPs, such as the Netherlands, the general pattern from 1980 to 2010 has been one of modest strengthening. Ironically, some countries that have been vociferous about multiculturalisms ruin (e. g. , Ger more) have not actu ally practiced an active multicultural strategy.Talk about the retreat from multiculturalism has obscured the fact that a form of multicultural integration remains a live option for western democracies. However, not all attempts to adopt new determines of multicultural citizenship have taken root or succeeded in achieving their intended effects. There are several factors that can every facilitate or impede the successful implementation of multiculturalism Multiculturalism Success, Failure, and the Future 1 MIGRATION POLICY take ?? Desecuritization of ethnic transaction.Multiculturalism works best if relations surrounded by the state and minorities are bring outn as an issue of social policy, not as an issue of state security. If the state perceives immigrants to be a security nemesis (such as Arabs and Moslems after 9/11), support for multiculturalism pass on drop and the quadriceps for minorities to dismantle voice multicultural cl mystifys will diminish. ?? Human rights . Support for multiculturalism rests on the assumption that there is a shared commitment to human rights crossways ethnic and phantasmal lines. If states perceive certain groups as unable or unwilling to respect human-rights norms, they are un correspondingly to accord them multicultural rights or resources.Much of the backlash against multiculturalism is fundamentally driven by anxieties about Muslims, in particular, and their perceived unwillingness to embrace liberal-democratic norms. ?? Border control. Multiculturalism is more controversial when citizens business organisation they lack control over their borders for instance when countries are faced with openhanded numbers (or unexpected surges) of unauthorized immigrants or asylum pay heedkers than when citizens feel the borders are secure. ?? Diversity of immigrant groups.Multiculturalism works best when it is genuinely multicultural that is, when immigrants come from many source countries rather than coming overwhelmi ngly from just one (which is more likely to lead to polarized relations with the majority). ?? Economic contri only whenions. Support for multiculturalism depends on the lore that immigrants are holding up their end of the bargain and making a good-faith effort to contribute to society particularly economically. When these facilitating conditions are present, multiculturalism can be seen as a low-risk option, and indeed seems to have worked well in such cases.Multiculturalism tends to lose support in high-risk situations where immigrants are seen as preponderantly illegal, as potential carriers of intolerant practices or movements, or as internet burdens on the welfare state. However, one could argue that rejecting immigrant multiculturalism under these circumstances is in fact the higher-risk move. It is precisely when immigrants are perceived as illegitimate, illiberal, and burdensome that multiculturalism may be most needed. I. Introduction Ideas about the legal and political accommodation of ethnic diversity have been in a state of intermingle around the world for the past 40 years.One hears much about the rise and deteriorate of multiculturalism. Indeed, this has become a kind of master narrative, widely invoked by scholars, journalists, and policymakers alike to explain the evolution of contemporary debates about diversity. Although people disagree about what comes after multiculturalism, there is a surprising consensus that we are in a post-multicultural era. This report contends that this master narrative obscures as much as it reveals, and that we need an alternative framework for thinking about the choices we face.Multiculturalisms successes and failures, as well as its level of public acceptance, have depended on the nature of the issues at stake and the countries involved, and we need to understand these variations if we are to happen upon a more sustainable model for accommodating diversity. This paper will argue that the master narrativ e 1) mischaracterizes the nature of the experiments in multiculturalism that have been undertaken, 2) exaggerates the extent to which they have been abandoned, and 3) misidentifies the genuine difficulties and limitations they have encountered and the options for addressing these problems.2 Multiculturalism Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Before we can decide whether to celebrate or lament the refund of multiculturalism, we need first to make sure we know what multiculturalism has meant both in theory and in practice, where it has succeeded or failed to meet its objectives, and under what conditions it is likely to thrive in the future. The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism The master narrative of the rise and steady d avouch of multiculturalism helpfully experiences important features of our current debates.Yet in some reckon it is misleading, and may obscure the accepted challenges and opportunities we face. In its simplest form, the master narrat ive goes like this1 Since the mid-1990s we have seen a backlash and retreat from multiculturalism. From the 1970s to mid-1990s, there was a clear trend across Western democracies toward the increased acknowledgment and accommodation of diversity through a range of multiculturalism policies (MCPs) and minority rights.These policies were endorsed both at the domestic level in some states and by outside organizations, and involved a rejection of earlier ideas of unitary and homogeneous nationhood. Since the mid-1990s, however, we have seen a backlash and retreat from multiculturalism, and a reaffirmation of ideas of nation building, common value and identity, and unitary citizenship even a call for the re acetify of assimilation. This retreat is part driven by fears among the majority group that the accommodation of diversity has gone too far and is threatening their way of life.This fear often expresses itself in the rise of nativist and populist right-wing political movement s, such as the Danish Peoples Party, defending old ideas of Denmark for the Danish. notwithstanding the retreat also reflects a belief among the center-left that multiculturalism has failed to help the intended beneficiaries namely, minorities themselves because it has failed to address the implicit in(p) sources of their social, economic, and political exclusion and may have unintentionally contributed to their social isolation.As a result, even the center-left political movements that initially championed multiculturalism, such as the social democratic parties in Europe, have backed 1 For influential schoolman statements of this rise and fall narrative, claiming that it applies across the Western democracies, see Rogers Brubaker, The mother of concentration? Ethnic and Racial Studies 24, no. 4 (2001) 53148 and Christian Joppke, The fall back of Multiculturalism in the Liberal State Theory and Policy, British Journal of Sociology 55, no. 2 (2004) 23757.There are also many accounts of the decline, retreat, or crisis of multiculturalism in particular countries. For the Netherlands, see Han Entzinger, The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism in the Netherlands, in Toward preoccupancy and Citizenship Immigrants in Liberal state of matter-States, eds. Christian Joppke and Ewa Morawska (London Palgrave, 2003) and Ruud Koopmans, Trade-Offs between Equality and Difference The Crisis of Dutch Multiculturalism in Cross-National Perspective (Brief, Danish Institute for external Studies, Copenhagen, December 2006).For Britain, see Randall Hansen, Diversity, consolidation and the Turn from Multiculturalism in the join Kingdom, in Belonging? Diversity, wisdom and Shared Citizenship in Canada, eds. Keith G. Banting, Thomas J. Courchene, and F. Leslie Seidle (Montreal Institute for Research on customary Policy, 2007) Les Back, Michael Keith, Azra Khan, Kalbir Shukra, and tin can Solomos, New Labours White Heart Politics, Multiculturalism and the Return of Assim ilation, Political Quarterly 73, No. 4 (2002) 44554 Steven Vertovec, Towards post-multiculturalism?Changing communities, conditions and contexts of diversity, International Social Science Journal 61 (2010) 8395. For Australia, see Ien Ang and John Stratton, Multiculturalism in Crisis The New Politics of Race and National Identity in Australia, in On Not Speaking Chinese Living mingled with Asia and the West, ed. I. Ang (London Routledge, 2001). For Canada, see Lloyd Wong, Joseph Garcea, and Anna Kirova, An Analysis of the Anti- and Post-Multiculturalism DiscoursesThe Fragmentation Position (Alberta Prairie Centre for Excellence in Research on Immigration and Integration, 2005), http//pmc.metropolis. net/Virtual%20Library/FinalReports/Post-multi%20FINAL%20REPORT%20for%20PCERII%20_2_. pdf.For a good overview of the backlash discourse in various countries, see Steven Vertovec and Susan Wessendorf, eds. , The Multiculturalism Backlash European Discourses, Policies and Practices (Londo n Routledge, 2010). Multiculturalism Success, Failure, and the Future 3 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE away from it and shifted to a discourse that emphasizes civic integration, social cohesion, common values, and shared citizenship.2 The social-democratic discourse of civic integration differs from the radical-right discourse in emphasizing the need to develop a more inclusive national identity and to fight racism and discrimination, but it nonetheless distances itself from the rhetoric and policies of multiculturalism. The term postmulticulturalism has often been invoked to signal this new approach, which seeks to chastise the limits of a naive or misguided multiculturalism while avoiding the oppressive reassertion of homogenizing nationalist ideologies.3 II. What Is Multiculturalism? A. Misleading Model In much of the post-multiculturalist literature, multiculturalism is characterized as a feel-good celebration of ethnocultural diversity, encouraging citizens to acknowledge and embr ace the panoply of customs, traditions, music, and culinary art that personify in a multiethnic society. Yasmin Alibhai-Brown calls this the 3S model of multiculturalism in Britain saris, samosas, and steeldrums. 4.Multiculturalism takes these familiar cultural markers of ethnic groups clothing, cuisine, and music and treats them as authentic practices to be preserved by their members and safely consumed by others. Under the banner of multiculturalism they are taught in school, performed in festivals, paradeed in media and museums, and so on. This celebratory model of multiculturalism has been the strain of many critiques, including the following(a) ?? It ignores issues of economic and political inequality.Even if all Britons come to enjoy Jamaican steeldrum music or Indian samosas, this would do nada to address the real problems facing Caribbean and South Asian communities in Britain problems of unemployment, poor educational outcomes, residential segregation, poor Englis h language skills, and political marginalization. These economic and political issues cannot be solved simply by celebrating cultural differences. ??Even with respect to the (legitimate) goal of promoting greater understanding of cultural differences, the focus on celebrating authentic cultural practices that are unique to each group is potentially dangerous. First, not all customs that may be traditionally practiced indoors a particular group are worthy of being celebrated, or even of being legally tolerated, such as forced marriage. To avoid brainchild up controversy, theres a tendency to choose as the focus of multicultural celebrations safely inoffensive practices such as cuisine or music that can be enjoyably consumed by members of the big society. But this runs the opposite risk 2.For an overview of the attitudes of European social democratic parties to these issues, see Rene Cuperus, Karl Duffek, and Johannes Kandel, eds. , The Challenge of Diversity European Social Dem ocracy Facing Migration, Integration and Multiculturalism (Innsbruck Studien Verlag, 2003). For references to post-multiculturalism by progressive intellectuals, who distinguish it from the radical rights antimulticulturalism, see, regarding the United Kingdom, Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, after(prenominal) Multiculturalism (London Foreign Policy Centre, 2000), and Beyond Multiculturalism, Canadian Diversity/Diversite Canadienne 3, no.2 (2004) 514 regarding Australia, James Jupp, From White Australia to Woomera The Story of Australian Immigration, 2nd edition (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2007) and regarding the United States, Desmond King, The Liberty of Strangers Making the American Nation (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2004), and David A. Hollinger, Post-ethnic America Beyond Multiculturalism, revised edition (New York Basic Books, 2006).Alibhai-Brown, After Multiculturalism. 3 4 4 Multiculturalism Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE of the trivializa tion or Disneyfication of cultural differences,5 ignoring the real challenges that differences in cultural and religious values can raise. ?? Third, the 3S model of multiculturalism can hike a conception of groups as hermetically crocked and static, each reproducing its own distinct practices.Multiculturalism may be intended to encourage people to share their customs, but the assumption that each group has its own classifiable customs ignores work outes of cultural adaptation, mixing, and melange, as well as acclivitous cultural commonalities, thereby potentially reinforcing perceptions of minorities as eternally other. This in turn can lead to the strengthening of prejudice and stereotyping, and more generally to the polarization of ethnic relations. ??Fourth, this model can end up reinforcing power inequalities and cultural restrictions within minority groups. In deciding which traditions are authentic, and how to interpret and display them, the state generally consults the traditional elites within the group typically older males while ignoring the way these traditional practices (and traditional elites) are often challenged by internal reformers, who have different views about how, say, a good Muslim should act. It can therefore imprison people in cultural scripts that they are not allowed to question or dispute.According to post-multiculturalists, the growing perception of these flaws underlies the retreat from multiculturalism and signals the search for new models of citizenship that emphasize 1) political participation and economic opportunities over the symbolic politics of cultural recognition, 2) human rights and individual freedom over respect for cultural traditions, 3) the building of inclusive national identities over the recognition of ancestral cultural identities, and 4) cultural change and cultural mixing over the reification of static cultural differences.This narrative about the rise and fall of 3S multiculturalism will no doubt be familiar to many readers. In my view, however, it is inaccurate. Not only is it a caricature of the reality of multiculturalism as it has unquestionable over the past 40 years in the Western democracies, but it is a distraction from the real issues that we need to face.The 3S model captures something important about natural human tendencies to simplify ethnic differences, and about the logic of globular capitalism to sell cosmopolitan cultural products, but it does not capture the nature of post-1960s government MCPs, which have had more complex historical sources and political goals. B. Multiculturalism in Context It is important to put multiculturalism in its historical context. In one sense, it is as old as humanity different cultures have always found ways of coexisting, and respect for diversity was a familiar feature of many historic empires, such as the Ottoman Empire.But the course of multiculturalism that is said to have had a rise and fall is a more specific historic p henomenon, emerging first in the Western democracies in the advanced 1960s. This timing is important, for it helps us situate multiculturalism in relation to larger social transformations of the postwar era. More specifically, multiculturalism is part of a larger human-rights novelty involving ethnic and racial diversity.Prior to World War II, ethnocultural and religious diversity in the West was characterized by a range of illiberal and undemocratic relationships of hierarchy,6 justified by racialist ideologies that explicitly propounded the superiority of some peoples and cultures and their right to rule over others. These ideologies were widely accepted throughout the Western world and underpinned both domestic laws (e. g. , racially biased immigration and citizenship policies) and foreign policies (e. g. , in relation to overseas colonies). 5 6 Neil Bissoondath, Selling Illusions The furore of Multiculturalism in Canada.(Toronto Penguin, 1994). Including relations of conqueror and conquered, colonizer and colonized, master and slave, settler and indigenous, racialized and unmarked, normalized and deviant, Orthodox and heretic, civilized and primitive, and ally and enemy. Multiculturalism Success, Failure, and the Future 5 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE After World War II, however, the world recoiled against Hitlers fanatical and murderous use of such ideologies, and the United Nations decisively repudiated them in favor of a new ideology of the equality of races and peoples.And this new assumption of human equality generated a series of political movements designed to contest the lingering presence or enduring effects of older hierarchies. We can distinguish three thrills of such movements 1) the effort for decolonization, concentrated in the period 194865 2) the struggle against racial segregation and discrimination, initiated and exemplified by the AfricanAmerican civil-rights movement from 1955 to 1965 and 3) the struggle for multiculturalism and minori ty rights, which emerged in the late 1960s.Multiculturalism is part of a larger human-rights revolution involving ethnic and racial diversity. apiece of these movements draws upon the human-rights revolution, and its foundational ideology of the equality of races and peoples, to challenge the legacies of earlier ethnic and racial hierarchies. Indeed, the human-rights revolution plays a double role here, not just as the breathing in for a struggle, but also as a constraint on the permissible goals and means of that struggle.Insofar as historically excluded or stigmatized groups struggle against earlier hierarchies in the name of equality, they too have to renounce their own traditions of exclusion or oppression in the treatment of, say, women, gays, people of mingled race, religious dissenters, and so on. Human rights, and liberal-democratic constitutionalism more generally, provide the overarching framework within which these struggles are debated and addressed.Each of these move ments, therefore, can be seen as contributing to a process of democratic citizenization that is, turning the earlier catalog of hierarchical relations into relationships of liberaldemocratic citizenship. This entails transforming both the vertical relationships between minorities and the state and the horizontal relationships among the members of different groups. In the past, it was often assumed that the only way to engage in this process of citizenization was to impose a single undifferentiated model of citizenship on all individuals.But the ideas and policies of multiculturalism that emerged from the 1960s start from the assumption that this complex history ineluctably and appropriately generates group-differentiated ethnopolitical claims. The key to citizenization is not to suppress these differential claims but to click them through and frame them within the language of human rights, civil liberties, and democratic accountability. And this is what multiculturalist movements have aimed to do.The precise character of the resulting multicultural reforms varies from group to group, as befits the distinctive history that each has faced. They all start from the antidiscrimination principle that underpinned the second hustle but go beyond it to challenge other forms of exclusion or stigmatization. In most Western countries, explicit state-sponsored discrimination against ethnic, racial, or religious minorities had largely ceased by the 1960s and 1970s, under the influence of the second wave of humanrights struggles.Yet ethnic and racial hierarchies persist in many societies, whether calculated in terms of economic inequalities, political underrepresentation, social stigmatization, or cultural invisibility. Various forms of multiculturalism have been developed to help overcome these lingering inequalities. The focus in this report is on multiculturalism as it pertains to (permanently settled) immigrant groups,7 7.There was briefly in some European countries a form of multiculturalism that was not aimed at the inclusion body of permanent immigrants, but rather at ensuring that temporary migrants would return to their republic of origin. For example, mothertongue education in Germany was not initially introduced as a minority right but in order to enable guest role player children to reintegrate in their countries of origin (Karen Schonwalder, Germany Integration Policy and Pluralism in a Self-Conscious Country of Immigration, in The Multiculturalism Backlash European Discourses, Policies and Practices, eds.Steven Vertovec and Susanne Wessendorf London Routledge, 2010, 160). Needless to say, this sort of returnist multiculturalism premised on the idea that migrants are foreigners who should return to their real home has nothing to do with multiculturalism policies (MCPs) premised on the idea that immigrants belong in their host countries, and which aim to make immigrants 6.

19th Century American Literature Essay

The nineteenth coulomb gave readers a plethora of literary genius. Perhaps the most recognized literary movement was Transcendentalism. This literary concept was based on a group of new ideas in religion, culture, and philosophy. Transcendentalism paved the flair for legion(predicate) subgenres, its most importantly opposite however was the emergence of Dark Romanticism. The Romantics had a tendency to measure out emotion and intuition over reason and logic. Many of the writers of the nineteenth century placed themselves into one or the other category. In its most specialized usage transcendentalism refers to a literary and philosophical movement that actual in America in the premier(prenominal) half of the nineteenth century. It first arose among the liberal New England Congregationalists who departed from the orthodox Calvinists, whose approach to Christian disembodied spirit emphasizes the rule of God over all things. (in text citation) Transcendentalism withal involved t he rejection of the Puritan value that were once the basis of New England culture.American Transcendentalism began with the formation of the Transcendental Club in 1836, in capital of Massachusetts. Ralph Waldo Emerson tug the group of literary minds including, Margaret Fuller, a feminist and social reformer, and Henry David Thoreau, a naturalist and reason. Together they and their other members published The Dial, a short-lived alone important periodical. Emerson, the father of Transcendentalism, wrote some of the major whole caboodle of the movement. Self- Reliance and temperament are two of his well known. In Nature, Emerson conveys to the reader the judgement that apiece individual must develop a personal understanding with the universe, and that in that respect is a relationship between man and nature. Henry David Thoreau was also a major contributor to the Transcendentalist movement, in two of Thoreaus most influential pieces, Walden, he writes of his strong beliefs o f natures impact on man. In Resistance to Civil Government, Thoreau writes of his issues with organized judicature That government is best which governs least,That government is best which not governs at allHis libertarian views of governments amour in every day life lead to his arrest in 1846 for nonpayment of poll taxes. His refusal to pay was based on his beliefs that one should not support a government that supported such atrocities as slavery. Walden was an trace of Thoreaus time spent living in a shack in Walden Pond near Concord, Massach dotts he explores such values as self reliance, and the simplicity of nature. The Transcendental movement inspired authors wish Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edgar Alan Poe and sparked another literary movement known as Dark Romanism. strange Transcendentalism the Dark Romantics believed that human nature is not necessarily good, that the juicyer array of humanity had been being ignored by the transcendentalists. The works of the Dark roma ntics is change with tales of revenge, obsession, shame and madness. The conflicts between good and evil set a gloomy, dark mood of the tales written by the Dark Romantics. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the Scarlet Letter, a narrative of shame and hypocrisy, his ancestors Puritan values and his lack of belief in their ways lead to the creation of this piece.His of import character, Hester, is labeled an adulterer and is forced to wear a scarlet A that symbolizes her sin of adultery. composition those who see her see a symbol of shame and ill-doing, Hester sees it as a symbol of strength and pride, and above all, a symbol of the towns hypocrisy. This romantic piece of literature also has gothic elements. Hawthornes use of imagery and dismal tones lend it to the genre of Dark Romanticism. Other works by Hawthorne, specifically, My Kinsman, Major Molineux, are filled with dark and light imagery, from the main character, redbreasts, meeting of the ferryman to his realization that his kinsman is not the respectable man he once believed he was, this story had dark undertones that go along way in conveying the strange and secretive ways of the townsfolk that Robin meets.Edgar Alan Poe also writes in the Dark Romantic genre, he had a colossal dislike for the transcendentalists calling them, Frogpondians, after a pond on Boston Commons, he ridiculed their writings and his piece, Never Bet the Devil in You Head, was a clear attack on the movement. Poe, who is sometimes considered a gothic writer, uses ideas such as dementia and paranoia in his works. Supernatural behaviors of characters and personification grace the pages of many of his best tales. Many of Poes tales are distinguished by the authors unique grotesque inventiveness in addition to his fleck construction. Such stories as The Pit and the Pendulum is a spine-tingling tale of cruelty and torture, eyepatch the Tell -Tale Heart, is a story a maniacal murderers overbearing guilt and shame, then actual co nfession of his crime. The dark romantic authors embraced the concept of weltschmerz, or world pain, a phrase coined by German author dungaree Paul.

Delegation and Decentralization

military mission of Authority Delegation is the process by which authority passes from one organizational level to a nonher. But for relegating of authority, organizations would go on forever small. Delegation is the moreover solution to cope with the increasing motion load of managing directors as the organization grows. Because of the-constraints of time and ability, a managing director bottom of the inningnot serve all the tasks himself. Therefore, he delegates certain of the tasks to the repress and imparts, them done. The process of delegation has the interest steps a) En wantment of duties or assignment of responsibilities b) Granting of authority ) Creation of accountability Entrustment of duties or Assignment of responsibilities This is a crucial step in that a a few(prenominal) important questions like what to delegate? when to delegate? whom to delegate? and how to delegate atomic number 18 answered. The effectiveness of delegation depends on how clearly these questions are answered. First of all, the manager has to decide the tasks to be delegated to the ranges. For this, he must be able to detach between the routine and non-routine tasks, Routine and single tasks skunk as hale be executeed by the subordinates while the non-routine and very important tasks must be fulfiled by himself.Granting of authority When the subordinates are assigned certain tasks or responsibilities. it goes without give tongue to that they ingest authority to a fault to perform the tasks. Authority is required by them to make use of the resources of the organization in the execution of the tasks. The headmaster therefore, part with his authority to enable the subordinate to perform. Responsibility and authority both(prenominal) go together. One of the Important principle of organizing parity of authority and responsibility emphasizes the need for a proper balance between the two. Creation of accountabilityDelegation does not end with just entrusting o f duties and the granting of authority. The tiptop has to create an obligation on the part of the subordinate to perform. In other words, the subordinate is accountable to his superior for the tasks delegated. Thus, while authority flows downheartedwards, responsibility flows upwards. Normally, accountability is created by asking the subordinate to submit performance reports / status reports from time to time. ? decentalisation of Authority The status decentralization should not be confused with that of delegation.Although the two are c relapsely think decentralization is much more wider in desktop reflecting managements philosophy regarding which decisions to be taken at the top as well as down the line in the organization. While in delegation authority is transferred on one-to-one basis from the superior to the subordinate. Decentralization of authority is broader in scope and involves the transfer of authority in the organizational context from top to the tear down rungs o f management In the hierarchy. Thus the greater the amount of authority delegated passim the organization.The more decentralized the organization is it must alike be steady that both absolute centralization and absolute decentralization are unsuitable for the former refers to an autocratic structure while the latter results in a chaotic situation. For this reason, decentralization must be viewed as a sexual intercourse concept. not as an absolute one. Ernest Dale a well-known management author has described the following conditions where decentralization is greater The greater the number of decisions do cut down down the management hierarchy. The more important the decisions make deject down the management hierarchy. For example, the greater the sum of capital expenditure that can be approved by the plant manager without consulting anyone else, the greater the form of decentralization in this field. The more functions affected by decisions made at disgrace levels.Thus, companies which permit only operational decisions to be made at classify/plant levels are less decentralized than those which permit financial and force out decisions at branch / plant level. The less checking required on the decision. Decentralization is greatest when no check at all must be made less when superiors hand to be informed decision subsequently it has been made, still less if superiors have to be consulted before the decision is made. The few people to be, consulted, and the lower they are on the management hierarchy, the greater the degree of decentralization. The advantages of decentralization are similar to the advantages of delegation. Unburdening of top managers, . mproved decision fashioning, because decisions are made closer to the scene of action, better develop, morale and initiative at lower levels, and more flexibility and faster decision making are close to of the advantages of decentralization. These advantages are widely acclaimed so much so that decentralization is a great deal regarded as good and centralization as bad But total decentralization, as mentioned earlier with no coordination from the top would be undesirable. That is why, the question before manager is not whether an organization should be decentralized, but to what extent it should be decentralized.On the comp allowely, the allow amount of decentralization for an organization will vary with tine and circumstances. It will also vary for the different units of the organization. For example, production and sales departments, in general, have gained a high degree of decentralization in many organizations, whereas financial departments have tended to remain relatively centralized. Barriers to effective delegation Though delegation is a powerful device whereby managers reduce their workload, unless adequate care is exercised the result may be considerable anxiety for both superiors and subordinates.Delegation requires effective communication. The subordinates while judge delegation must make exactly what the superior wants. Delegation also involves motivation, influence and leadership. To make delegation effective, the spirit and willingness of both the parties are crucial. side by side(p) are some of the reasons why delegation often fails in organizations, to which both superiors and subordinates are responsible. Superiors resistance to delegation i)The I can do it better myself fallacy Some managers always suffer from a feeling that they only can do the job better.Consequently two things happen. First, outgo time on a task a subordinate could perform means the manager may not be able to perform other important duties like policy formulation and supervision. Second, unless the manager allows subordinates go about new tasks, they will be unable to develop their skills. Thus by insisting on doing things themselves managers often fail to meet their responsibility for training and growing subordinates for promotion to higher levels. i i)Lack of ability to direct Some managers construct so involved in day-to-day operations that they neglect the broader picture.Unable to understand the long term perspective of the work flow, they do not in full realize the importance of distributing work among subordinates. Some managers deliberately do this because of pretermit of confidence in their supervisory abilities. iii)Lack of confidence in subordinates Lack of trust and confidence on subordinates abilities and skills make the superiors reluctant to delegate. As a result, subordinates lose initiative and frequently seek the guidance of the bosses to know whether they are doing the things correctly.? iv)Aversion to take chancesSince the superior can not absolve himself of the final performance of the task, he may fear that delegating the job will cause problems. notwithstanding those superiors who see a threat in the subordinates always try to avoid delegation. This is mostly due to the mind set where the superior fea rs that he may be outsmarted by the subordinate and eventually the latter may make a potential threat to his position. v)Absence of selective controls When certain duties are delegated to subordinates the superior has to ensure proper controls in the form of feedback about performance.It gives the superior the credential of knowing the problem before much damage takes place. If controls are not adequate and effective, manager has good reason to avoid authority delegation. Subordinates resistance to delegation It should not be construed from the above discussion that superiors are only responsible for poor or ineffective delegation. The subordinates role in the whole exercise cannot be lost sight of. Their attitude and skills play a significant role. Sometimes subordinates may avoid responsibility and block the delegation process for the following reasons The subordinate finds it easier to ask the boss what to do preferably than taking the initiative himself. The subordinate fears criticism for mistakes. Since greater responsibilities increase the chances of making an error. The subordinates for the sake of security try to avoid additional responsibilities. The subordinate lacks the teaching and resources needed to do . the job successfully. Some managers with a view to let down their subordinates may deliberately make the delegation unclear. As a result the subordinate lands himself in confusion as to the exact temper of the duties and the authority that he can exercise.The motive of the superior in such cases may be to make the subordinate fail in the execution. The subordinate believes he or she has more work than he or she can do. For fear of over burdening himself he may not show any interest to accept new responsibilities. The subordinates lack self-confidence. Added to that the fear that they will get into trouble in the event of failure puts them in a still worse situation. The subordinate is not offered any Incentives or benefits in price of pay rises, importance and status for assuming additional responsibilities.

Dante and Machiavelli

Dante and Machiavelli limn opposite sides of the Renaissance in several ways. Certainly the former means that matinee idol allow for reveal all and call pot to account for their behavior, man the latter gives ein truth sign of believing in no deity and supposing that scrupulous behavior exclusively makes matchless a target for unpitying exploitation. This difference in the both(prenominal) could be expressed in foothold of religious faithbut they could also be said to take a crap differing views of human nature.Try to get to the heart of the distinction. Why is Machiavellis champion of right and wrong so opposed to Dantes? Written two hundred years apart, The Inferno by Dante and The Prince by Machiavelli both confine examples of gild during the late middle ages and also the beginning of the Renaissance. While non contemporaries, both hands held similar cynical views towards human nature, but opposing views on social social organisation.Dante believed that those wi th power were all destined to become void while Machiavelli wrote that authority is incumbent in aim to brinytain structure within the population. The Inferno, written as the first of three movements of The Divine Comedy, tells of one mans journey into Hell with the help of Roman poet Virgil. As the two men journey through the nine circles of hell, Dante, or the Pilgrim, sees the souls of men and women and either feels pity or hatred, but most of all feels a sense of vengeance.In Dantes hell, the punishment fits the crime. The lustful atomic number 18 compel to walk naked beside those of the opposite sex, the slothful are forced to live at the bottom of the river Styx, and the soothsayers are forced to perpetually look plunk for by having their necks twisted around. The Inferno is essentially a social commentary, exposing societys true evils. In the eighth circle, simple fraud, were the simonists those priests, popes, and bishops who, instead of telltale(a) the glory of m atinee idol, used their power to gain monetary wealth and fame.Their punishment is being buried head first, the soles of their feet on fire. The Pilgrim sees Pope Nicholas III who asks him if he is Boniface, Is that you here already upright? By including these popes in hell, Dante made polish off his views on the leadership of the church and believed that the church had no control or right to control secular and civil matters. Dante also shows which sins he sees as the worst of sins, putting betrayers in the lowest circle of hell. Dante mploys some everyday sense while discussing hell, putting obvious sinners in the lower circles and accustomed to harsher punishments, but he also puts the not-so obvious sinners in hell.Even though one may think he is doing the right thing, all motives are evaluated upon judgment and even a trace of selfishness or greed may threaten ones chance in heaven. This is why Dantes hell is rife with politicians and leaders. Although they may have the co mmunitys outflank interests at heart, politicians become obsessed with fame and glory, often forgetting that they are representatives of the heap.In The Prince, Machiavelli explains what a good and successful prince should be like. He advocates a strong, cutthroat authority figure and encourages the winning of power by any marrow necessary. The main theme in The Prince is that mob rule is dangerous, for people know only what is good for themselves and not what is good for the whole. The common people, in Machiavellis view, are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit while you plough them well, they are yours.He believes that these commoners should be ruled absolutely, yet compassionately, in order to suppress any challenge to ruling power. The only founded political protest should come from the nobles and even then, all should be done so as not to fester impressions of revolution. While it seems as though Machiavelli was a power-hung ry despot, The Prince was further a reaction to what he saw as a necessary evil. Machiavelli was actually a strong genius of the republic in which the people, the very people he describes as being uneducated and self-centered in his book, ruled over themselves.In The Prince, he does give the common people credit, saying that, if a prince upsets them, they can take severe and dangerous action. The beaver fortress that exists is to avoid being hated by the people (XX, 70). Machiavelli unsounded that no matter how much power a prince may have, he is always at the risk of losing it whether it be at the hands of the people or the hands of another prince. Also, because he was first a supporter of republic, he understood the need for certain checks to be put in place to safeguard against revolution and lack of popular support.Machiavelli argues that, unless a princes subjects hate him, they will love him and follow him through any swage that may beset the principality. In general, Mac hiavelli believes that a leader should be a true leader and rally the people behind his cause, even if that means killing off dissenters for the good of the whole. Although, upon first reading, The Prince seems to tell the tale of monocracy and totalitarianism, it is much closer to modern democracy than some would like to believe and still is applicable to modern governments.Representing two diverse ages and two (supposedly) different world views, The Inferno and The Prince are quite similar in that both see humanity as somewhat of an evil and ungrateful status. They differ, however, by their view of what should be done about the human condition. Dante believed that what is done in this life will be punished accordingly in the adjacent life, and there is little to be done, for even the unbelievers are subject to Gods will by being trapped in limbo.Machiavelli, on the other hand, didnt believe in the afterlife and so thought that life should be lived here on earth and sin will be forgiven at death. This way, men can be free to filter for and obtain that which makes them happy, for the pious are buried just like the unbelievers. Ironically, The Prince is more(prenominal) optimistic than The Inferno, for Machiavelli stresses that, despite actions done on earth, all will be forgotten, for sin dies with the body.

Rewarding System Coca Cola

Rewarding form For the Coca dumbbell Company it is important to pay well the employees. Furthermore rewarding is besides important because it contributes on the employees performances. Coca Cola uses two rewarding system establish on * function * performance Coca Cola rewards its employees done the function reward system. For the blue-collar workers the reward is based according to the distance of service. For the white-collar workers, the higher you nip and tuck in the hierarchy the more the plowsh ar rises. There is a degree structure created by functions. An external internal representation makes the job description and weighs it.Then points are given for each function. For example design/Category Points A 250 B 200190180 C 165152 D 140 Employees are also reward based on their performance. The two rewarding systems are the pecuniary and the Relational. On the financial aspects you have the pay and the benefits. On the relational aspect you have learning & developmen t and the work environment. Employees foreboding about financial rewards but nowadays they also want relational rewards. They want to be developed (training & development), recognition and work in a good working environment.The picture below shows an overview of the rewarding system. Financial rewards Coca cola offers fringe benefits such as * Company machine * Pension plan * Disability (when someone is sick & has to hang on at home) * Medical insurance (for employees and family) * Share purchase plan * public assistance initiatives (discounts on season tickets, cinema tickets,) * Flexible working time * meal vouchers Benchmarking Coca cola gets its betroths to match those of competing companies. The companionship does Benchmarking. It buys studies of companies. The company makes surveys for wage request to have an idea.It compares with those of large multinationals. Because Coca cola wants to be turning 1 the top performance. Some of those multinationals are Procter & amp Gamble, Unilver, Danone Pay rise Employees can get pay rise after a feedback give-and-take about their performances. The pay rise is based on 2 aspects * Performances (Matrix) * Points (by category) On the table you can see how an employee starts and evolves. At the end if he is execute well he can get pay rise. Fase ontwikkelen vakvolwassene groeien v v v de werknemer begint martktconform betalen wn doet meer dan wat er van hem verwacht wordt. -> tijd voor promotie + boven betalen For the payments Coca Cola uses the deservingness Matrix Exempts. The more you go to the right the better the employee is paid. The highest is the Exceeds. The more you go below the lower you get paid. growth range At merchandise range High to Market range Exceeds Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Meets & Exceeds Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Meets Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Meets Some / Developing Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Does Not Meet 0% 0% 0%As I mentioned before each function/category has its points. When you grow in a category you rise with %. The maximum rise (from D) = a little place more than the minimum above (C). F/C Points Benefits A 250 Bonus, company car B 200190180 Bonus, company car C &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- ABOVE &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- MARKT under 165152 Company car D 140 commission The wages differences are mostly based on the employees function. But differences are also based according to the length of service.

How African American Humor has Evolved and the Way We Look at Comedy

Professor Jim Gray of Sonoma State University defines culture as a means of option. Going by this definition of culture the growth of sick desire has definitely been a foundigital audiotapeion in the survival of the comedy in America. This paper will be a intervention of how African American pique has evolved and for centuries has changed and continues to change the focussing we look at comedy. Before beginning this paper, I moldiness stress the importance of gratify for all races. Truly, the environ custodyt in which most humor takes place has helped American culture and population survive.According to Constance Rourke, humor is important beca accustom1. sense of humor is a part of the natural life process and is commonly taken for give or not recognized as having serious importance. The f puzzle pop that humor is a frame kick the bucket for non-real or play activity and not taken as a serious interaction allows messages and formulations to be risked indoors its framew ork which would not differently be acceptable or possible.3. Humor allows the exploration of natural ideas in situations of uncertainty or unfamiliarity. Similarly allowed atomic number 18 the negotiation of taboo topics, unsanded issues, and marginal serious content.4. Humor performs a boundary function on both internal and external lines, policing themes in terms of membership and acceptable and competence behavior.5. Humor can function as a heading device to release tension, allay fear, forestall threat, defuse aggression or distance the unpleasant.6. Humor can represent an implicit contradiction, paradox or pleasantry in the social structure made explicit. The joke constitutes a reversal within its boundaries of the patterns of control in the real world.7. keep jokes and situational jokes are not entirely separate.Canned jokes are not sealed from the situation in which they are told as they eternally affect it and incorporate interaction into their pattern situation jo kes always have nearly impact beyond their context. Langston Hughes says, Humor is pranking at what you havent got when you ought to have it. Of course, you laugh by proxy. Youre really laughing at the separate guy lacks, not your own. Thats what makes it funny-The fact that you dont know you are laughing at yourself. Humor is when the joke is on you but hits the other fellow startle-Because it boomerangs.Humor is what you wish in your secret heart were not funny, but it is, and you must laugh. Humor is your unconscious therapy (Hughes, 1966) Laughter for centuries has been the medicine that has helped to ensure the survival of African Americans. Herded together with others with whom they shared only a common condition of servitude and some degree of cultural overlap, en break atomic number 53s backd Africans were compelled to create a new language, a new religion, and a precarious new lifestyle. (Joyner, 1984) As Africans were unloaded by sauceboat and placed onto plantations , slave obtains were completely enthralled by the way they spoke, moved, and danced.Out of slavery emerged a culture that would influence Americas mainstream culture for infinity. slaveholding created bondage for Africans and when it looked exchangeable they were going nowhere fast they laughed, sang, and amused angiotensin converting enzyme other with riddles, jokes and animal tales from the homeland. Slave masters could not conceive why slaves in such a miserable state were so enjoymentous, what they did not know was some(prenominal) an(prenominal) of the strainings, jokes and riddles were more than sur reckon deep and more dates about the master.The slaves made the best of the circumstances through humor and by laughing at the way the slave master treated them and their answer to this treatment. They were laughing at the slave master and at the same clipping laughing at themselves. However, it did not take long before slave masters made slave merry-making public. Man y times slaves were called upon to entertain master and their guests. Slave merry-making was also encouraged because it also increased the price of the slaves. tidy sum took notice to the way slaves spoke and moved, out of slavery evolved Blackface Humor. (Watkins, 1994) Blackface comedy was when a person ( etiolate) painted their face with sable makeup and acted like a slave (Sambo). Blackface humor gave whites the chance to lift African American Humor from its original context, transform it, then spotlight it as their own entertainment, cheer (for non- drab audiences) it became popular for it is supposed originality. As blackface entertainment became more popular so did the actors. George Washington Dixion introduced Coal Black Rose (Watkins) one song Sambo and Cuffee, (Watkins) was a shady song about a black woman and her lover.Dixion performed this act all over the world some would argue that Dixion was the first white blackface per former(prenominal) to establish a broad rep utation. By the 1830s, blackface performers were everywhere suitable one of the most popular attractions of the American stage. Billy Whitlock, rude Brower, Frank Pelham and Dan Emmett were also very popular blackface performers. Dixion created the one man, show but these men created a troupe of blackface performers. They also firmly established the image of blacks as happy-go-lucky plantation darkies, outrageously dresses and ignorant.Although there were other blackface performers before them, these men were the only ones who could give a real show from the makeup to the costume. By the 1840s blackface performances had reached an unprecedented level of national popularity. (Watkins) on that point were many performance troupes, withal professional juvenile troupes. Each followed a assumeard they had a trey-act presentation. The first act opened up with a walkaround where the entire troupe came out made up in face paint and dressed in suits.They than gathered in a semicircle to alternate comic songs and jokes. here is a common type of joke many used it is called Mr. grind away Does us black folks go to hebbin? Does we go through dem lucky gates? Mr. Tambo Mr. Bones, you know the golden gates is for white folks. Mr. Bones Well, whos gonna be dere to open demm gates for you white folks? For many of the white people watching the show the most funny and exciting part was the joke telling. In the second act-the olio or var. segment- was the stump wrangle speaker.This occured when one member performed a comic, black version of a topic. Topics would clench from, freedom, womens suffrage, education or another current political or scientific topic. The goal was to show how blacks could not comprehend nor interpret sophisticated ideas. The terce and final part of the show was a slapstick plantation skit, featuring song and dance with costumed men and women dressed as slaves. After the cultured War, blackface troupes hired on free black men and women to perform with them. blanched audiences became upset and angry at many troupes.After the war and emancipation during the reconstruction period constitutional amendments were passed to assure civil rights and voting rights for former slaves and some blacks were elected members of the House and Senate Whites wanted to be assured that blacks were up to now inferior and blackface troupes were not showing this by continuing to hire blacks. Therefore, audiences depleted, and many troupes that had incorporated blacks started to perform on circuits like the Chitlen circuit, which hit most black owned theaters. Blacks who were part of the troupes started to branch off and start their own troupes.In doing this, they altered the usual blackface performance routine. First, they altered song lyrics, instead of cantabile songs that downgraded blacks songsters would play on white fears and mock them. Many blacks took off the face paint and introduced melodic comedies. Black musical comedies ma de many black performers successful. White already loved black music so the musical comedy fit right into the market. Still many of these comedies were on the circuit, and contain to black theaters. It was not until afterward that musical comedies were featured on Broadway.When musical comedies appeared on Broadway Lyles and Miller a very successful team created a whole new approach to the comedies. (Watkins) They presented at the end of their acts a group of women who danced and sang with the stereotypical attitude many felt black urban women had. This simple addition astounded Broadway and critics raved.Eventually, every black troupe evolved to use this form. Black Musical Comedies took blacks to another level of comedy yet, they were unable to persuade on the sambo stereotypical image given to them by white blackface performers. Licensed communicate was introduced in 1920, because of the low budget and inadequate facilities, news shows and music provided by local groups dom inated the airwaves. By 1922, there were over 522 licensed move and radio sales increased from $1million in 1920 to $400million in 1925. By 1929, one in every three homes owned radios ten years later there was a radio in almost every home. receiving set was a medium where its listeners could hear concerts, comic monologues, sporting events and political speeches as they happened. (MacDonald, 1981) radio set at first initially ignored blacks, as in the blackface performance days they were imitated by whites. In 1925, Freeman F. Gosden and Charles J. Correll a boor duo debuted as musicians on a radio postal service in Chicago. They played at this radio station for a while and later moved to a station owned by the Chicago Tribune. There they were approached by management about doing a broadcast edition to the comic strip The Gumps. The two refused the offer but suggested an alternative, a black dialect show. Gosden and Correll made a series based on two black names Sam N Henry, which would later become known as Amos N Andy.Sam N Henry debuted on January 12, 1926 (Dunning, 1925-1976) The characters Sam and Henry still depended on the stereotypical images of blacks created during the blackface (minstrel) performance years. Blacks were superstitious, naive, easily influenced, lazy, ignorant and conniving. On March 19, 1928, three months after the Sam N Henry show had been cancelled, Amos N Andy mysteriously appeared on a rival station in Chicago. Gosden and Correll had come up with the idea presented it to the station and it was accepted.This show was far more successful than Sam and Henry Amos N Andy was recorded and leased to forty other radio stations. In lordly 1929, Pepsodent became the first major sponsor of a black comedy show. Amos N Andy was the number one show in the country. By 1935, 70 percentage of American home (40 million) listeners tuned in each night. Sayings from the show hit the streets Aint dat sumptin, Splain dat to me, and Holy Mackere l became popular. Even with its popularity, the show had a down time. Radio stations modernized their broadcast methods comedians were no longer forced to work without an audience.This is when variety shows begin to take the market. In 1943, Gosden and Correl returned to the air with a good revamped half an hour version of Amos N Andy. The show was performed before a personify audience and featured an orchestra and chorus. Amos N Andy represented a breakthrough for black comedians on radio and television as well. Although one-person acts were not popular during the variety show period, Moms Mabley set the stage for many comedians that would come after her. Jackie Moms Mabley. innate(p) in North Carolina in 1897, Mabley grew up in Cleveland Ohio, by the time she was sixteen she had became a stage performer.She began as a dancer and singer and dabbled in comedy. During the 1920s, she was performing on the chitlen circuit in Dallas, where another teams saw her act and helped her get b etter bookings. Like many performers, she appeared in skits with other performers at first. However, Mabley did not like this and she was one of the first comics to turn to monologue humor. She appeared on the stage with oversized clodhoppers, tattered gingham dresses and oddball hats she acted like a typical down to earth older black woman.Mabley worked with many performers but she did her best when she was alone. She was famous for her costume and her shuffle, she would sing some shady version of a popular song, tell stories or just stand there and the audience loved it. Mabley foreshadowed the shift to direct social definition and stand up comic techniques that would dominate humor and comedians to come. Dick Gregory, pass on Wilson, Redd Foxx, Steve Allen, Richard Pryor, Whoopi Goldburg, Eddie Murphy, and many other popular black and white comedians have evolved from the report of comedy.The images that were passed on from slavery still thrive at the root of jokes many comedi ans of today tell. Black comedians have finally gotten away from the white recital of black humor and created original black humor from an African American perspective to the world. Black comedy has come to be the voice of the struggle, pain, and joy African American people have gone through and are continuing to going through. Humor will continue to be a driving force to bring people of all ethnicities together to laugh at the good and bad times of our country. Without humor, would we really survive?

Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment Essay

Freuds reaction time finale hypothesis is accurate, because these years argon mainly focused on social interaction with other(a)s (Friedman &type A Schustack, p. 72, 2012). This stage is non considered to be a stage of the psycho turn onual development rather the energy is put into other activities such(prenominal) as sports, school, and social interaction with their peers (Stevenson, 1996). During the latency period the libido is smothered and this is the most important time for the development of social skills (Freuds psychoanalysis A Revolutionary Approach, 2012). Freud theorized at this time a tike goes through infantile amnesia it is when the kidskin forgets the unwanted memories that may be deemed as traumatic for him/her (Definition Latency Period, n.d.). If there is anything that went skew-whiff this is when it will start to show-up in the personality (Freuds Stages of Psycho sexual organic evolution, n.d.). venereal stage of psychosexual development is the last phase in Freudian theory. This stage starts at the onset of puberty and goes into enceintehood (Sigmund Freuds Psychosexual Development, n.d.).Previous stages were mainly on individual accomplishments and accomplishment ones place in the family as well as in society. Individuals normally start to develop sexual desires for the opposite sex at the beginning of this stage and last until death (Cherry, n.d.). It is of the most importance that there are no problems with the other stages, if some issues were non terminate in the other stages more than samely it will carry everyplace into the final stage and bed lead to severe psychological problems for the adult (The Science Museum, 2004). Some things about Freudian theory are understandable, except there are certain aspects of it that a person would disagree on. For caseful the Phallic stage is when the electric shaver is focused on the genitals (Friedman &type A Schustack, p. 69, 2012). Children at that age are too young to understand things in a sexual way. If a chela does understand things like that at that age a person would rightfully be thinking that something traumatic has happened to the child to lead the child into that kind of behavior such as masturbation. Starting at around age two a child enters the Anal stage (Friedman & Schustack, p. 68, 2012).Children as well as adults pick up relief, when you need to go you need to go they as in children do not understand let alone are capable of victimization the bathroom unless they are properly trained to do so. If a child does try to hold it in that would be an indicator that the parents are not doing something right in the first place. Scolding a child for not going at a certain time, may be an indicator, if the child is trying to holding it in. There are five different stages of Freudian theory and each with its own sets of personal characteristics, depending on if a person becomes fixated at a certain stage. Oral stage is the first stage, it is utter that if a person becomes fixated at this stage they may develop behaviors such as, dependency, attachment, and always having something in their mouth, such as chewing gum, and tobacco products (Friedman & Schustack, p. 68, 2012).Anal stage of development is said to include behaviors such as concern with neatness, order, and organization. They might also like bathroom humor jokes and the like (Friedman & Schustack, p.69, 2012). Phallic stage is mainly concerned with developing sexual human relationships and can have a profound effect on these kinds of relationships. If the problems are not resolved before a person establishes this kind of relationship with soulfulness else (Friedman & Schustack, p. 70, 2012). Latency period can have an disturb negative effects on behavior as well comely like any other stage of development. Even though this period is not included in the psychosexual stages of development (Friedman & Schustack, p. 72, 2012).Genital stage of de velopment is the last stage in the Freudian theory problems can arise because of unresolved issues in the other stages or can also develop in this stage under the right circumstances. self-abnegation mechanisms are an attribute that a lot of people have to succor deal with things that may be too hard to bear other than (Friedman & Schustack, p. 75, 2012). Repression is one of the coping mechanisms that are used by somebody who has been traumatized, such as sexual abuse or witnessing a alarming event such as a violent death of someone close to them. Denial is another form of coping, though it is unhealthy.

Fresh Food and Canned Food

Eating is most distinguished activity in our life. Some people eat 2 times, 4 times, or some people in poor countries eat single 1 time a day. We live in a humankind where the variety of provender is immense, and we are responsible for what we eat. We decide what we are closely to eat and how it will affect our bodies. The three main differences between reinvigorated solid food and put up food are expression, health benefits, and cost. The most noned difference between these 2 kinds of foods is their flavor.Fresh food gain great flavor and taste because they keep all their natural conditions. Canned food however, wish a lot of its flavor characteristics because there are some different chemical products added to the natural foods. Fresh food will have a greater taste and flavor when consumed just because of the time in which they have been prepared. Comparing both types of foods there is another difference. There is a health factor that affects both of them.Canned food s lose some of the original chic food nutrients and vitamins when stored, and also it has to be tinned with many conservatives and chemical factors that prolong the shelf life and apparent freshness of the food that could also sustain toxic if consumed too often. Yet another difference between these two types of foods is the cost. Canned food are much more expensive than fresh foods. The benefit of buying tinned foods is that they are easier to find, for example, in a supermarket sooner of the market like the fresh foods.When you look at the picture of the canned food it is so beautiful and it captures you buy it, but when you open it by and by you will see that they do not match and the taste is not good. Canned food requires less work than fresh food, even sometimes no work at all. If you decide to make food instead buying it ready you would have to spend at least 2 or 3 hours, but you will look at delicious food that everyone will enjoy it. Fresh foods are always good fo r your health, but if you do not have enough time it is fine to get canned food. Eating canned food is not recommended, because it can make you sick and you might get diseases from that.

Corrections Paper Essay

The criminal nicety trunk is responsible for enforcing the justices created at to each whiz level of government. A major part of enforcing the rectitudes is detaining the commonwealth who break them. The bureau that an offender is punished for a offensive activity git be diverse depending on get on with or the symbol of abhorrence siteted. Depending on the age of the offender they could go by dint of the teenaged or adult department of corrections system. Each system has levels like pa intent and probation built in to facilitate rehabilitate the offender. Another direct of corrections that is use upd is corporation corrections. This form allows citizens to inspection and repair with the corrections process while giving offenders a here and now chance. Over age each level of corrections has evolved by evaluating the trends and examining diverse demands on the corrections system. Consistently evolving allows the corrections system to punish and rehabilitate o ffenders while keeping society safe. Past, present, and future trends pertaining to the development and operation of institutional and community based corrections When it comes to community corrections programs that oversee international of fall back or prison, and atomic number 18 administered by agencies or courts with the legal billet to enforce sanctions.Community corrections include probation, which is correctional direction at bottom the community rather than jail or prison, and parole which is a result of conditional, supervised release from prison.  In the archaean colonial criminal law there was a curious mix of religion, English barbarity, and pragmatism. close punishments were creation and involved either quick, corporal tortures or more prolonged humiliation. Among the punishments intentional to deter crime by inflicting pain, the colonials lots used the whipping post, branding and maiming, gags, and device known as the ducking stool. The latter device was essentially a chair connected to a pulley system where slanderers, makebayts, chyderers, brawlers, and women of illumination carriage were restrained and they repeatedly plunged into aconvenient personate of water (jthomasniu.org/PDF/prisonhistory111.pdf)Probation and parole are integral to criminal and juvenile justice in the articulates. Provides a wide variety of aids that are critical to the rough-and-ready and efficient operation of almost ein truth looking at of the justice system, ranging from law enforcement to sentencing to the release of offenders from confinement into the community. These community corrections agencies conduct investigations to maintenance discriminative and parole decision making operate residential and secure custodial facilities and parole free toil to local organizations through community service programs, probation and parole are high hat known for their role in the supervision of offenders in the community. Probation and parole age ncies are part of a liberal, complex and mutually beneficial array of governmental, nonprofit, and private agencies and organizations that comprise the criminal and juvenile justice systems. No aspect of the work of probation and parole fuel be considered in isolation, as they are affected by and kick in an impact on galore(postnominal) other agencies. With that being said there are strategic trends they leave alone and tummy use in the future. Collaboration and partnership for example the medicate court and other specially treatment courts. Results Driven Management requires a substantial investment of agency time and resources.The agency mission, goals and measures must be articulated and agreed upon. The Re- Emergence of Rehabilitation both was founded on the precept that offenders could change and that the correctional system, and probation and parole officers in grouchy, had a central role in helping the officer change. With technology when it comes to sex offenders th e software is purchasable that can monitor the offenders computer use and line to the probation or parole officer what Internet sites the offender have visited. punitory organization and institution functions that reflect fiscal demands The organization and administration functions of jails, prisons, probation, parole, juvenile and community corrections that reflect the operational and fiscal demands are in the many programs, services, and provides that make these forms of correction run on a workaday basis (Burrell, 2003). With jails and prisons facing an increasing overpopulation problem, with less staff, and budget cuts more and more probation, parole, and community corrections are becoming a origin (manhattan-institute.org, 2000). give-and- handle and probation function through their operation programs such as their case compartmentalisation system (Burrell, 2003). This system allows the parole board to classify which cases should be considered for early release and which ones should not. Once a case is determined to be worthy for parole, then probation uses the case classification system to decide if the case is racy risk or low risk (manhattan-institute.org, 2000). Community corrections becomes a part of the parole and probation services once the inmate is released into the community by operating residential and secure custodial facilities and provide free labor to local organizations through community service programs, probation and parole are best known for their role in the supervision of offenders in the community (Burrell, 2003, p. 1). The administration in jails, prisons, parole, probation, and community corrections have many different issues to fuck with daily. Corrections face overcrowding, downsizing of staff, budget cuts, and train issues. To combat these touchy issues administrators use the many departments inside the system. It starts with the central office that overseas all of corrections within the state (Peak, 2010).The c entral office is run by a secretary under the secretary is the prison film director. The prison director is responsible for setting policy for all wardens to follow in basis of how the institutions should be managed and inmates treated as well as overseeing public or media affairs coordinators, legislative liaisons, legal advisers, and internal affairs formatives (Peak, 2010, p. 246). The public or media affairs coordinators are responsible for getting information to the public. Legislative liaisons are responsible for helping to bring new laws and needs for new laws to the upkeep of the state. Legal advisers make sure that no laws have been broken and take care of any impending lawsuits. Internal affairs representatives ensure that honest behavior is maintained within the correctional system (Peak, 2010). Every jail, prison, parole, probation, and community corrections are under the watch of the central office of the state which is how these departments of corrections operate and function. Security and Technology functions with correctional environmentsSecurity is very important with the correctional department. It pr horizontalts inmates from escaping jails or prisons, and it likewise prevents  illegal from entering the zeal. When contraband enters the facility, a crime can be committed against other inmates. A Baltimore inmate allegedly acquired a cell phone, ordered an arrangement on another inmate, and would pay the murderer $2500 (Bulman, 2009). To prevent such incidents from happening, jails and prisons are rescue new security measures into the establishments. One such technology is using body scanners, practically found in the United States airports. These scanners can scan through clothes and detect any contraband trying to be export into the jail or prison. The system was tested and evaluated at Graterford, a maximum-security facility that houses about 3,100 inmates outside Philadelphia (Bulman, 2009, para 2) and officials working with in the prison believed the ravel using the body scanners were successful in finding contraband. Prisons and jails also use hand-held devices called WANDD. This hand-held device scans inmates, or visitors, and detects non-metallic items, such as plastic or wood items.A prototype was tested in the Virginia Peninsula regional Jail, and it was able to detect objects such as plastic knives, cell phones, guns, and even credit cards through various types of fabric (Bulman, 2009). Correctional staff is also using some of the latest technology available to wipe inmates movements within a prison or jail called radio frequency identification technology. A little chip is tie to some objects, most often a wristband, and correctional staff can track the movements of each inmates. It also alerts prison staff when a large amount of inmates are gathered within any area within the jail or prison. Movement information can be stored in computers and could prove useful in investigations to determine who was present in a certain part of a building at a particular time (Bulman, 2009, para. 18). Management and control Managing a jail or a prison is not an easy task.Anyone working within these environments must be able to manage a large number of inmates while lordly them at any given time. Correctional guards are the ones who will be in direct contact with inmates. If they become too friendly with inmates or are not paying attention, a situation can come to pass suddenly. Staying alert and maintaining control is imperative because inmates can read correctional guards easily. Inmates can learn the habits of their guards if the guards maintain the same routine daily. Ethical rights are one of the key factors to managing a prison or a jail. Even though these inmates have committed a crime, they still human rights. Understanding that aspect of managing a prison may be hard for some people in charge. All individuals visiting, working, or the inmates themselves should be respecte d to a degree. Having this type of approach to prison or jail attention is does not represent a liberal outlook on the system or a soft view. many an(prenominal) people whom have worked in different prisons end-to-end the world, believe this approach works in prison and jail management because they view the inmates as humans (Coyle, 2009).Educational and Treatment ProgramsMost individuals incarcerated in Jails, prisons, and community correction centers have little or no education. These individuals often commit crimes to support themselves or their families. These individuals are arrested and sentences to incarceration for their crimes. After release, they stretch droping the education and skills to find legal art and return to lives of crime to support themselves and family. This is a vicious cycle that has led to extreme overpopulation in correctional facilities. Juveniles commit crimes for several different reasons. almost juveniles commit crimes to support their families, some because of peer pressure, and some just to relieve boredom. Whether these adults and juveniles commit crimes because of lack of education and opportunity or from juvenile ignorance and boredom the final result corpse the same, education.Studies conducted over the last two decades almost unanimously indicate that higher(prenominal) education in prison programs reduces recidivism and translates into reductions in crime, savings, and long-term contributions to the safety and upbeat of the communities to which formerly incarcerated people return. (Why Prison Education? n.d.) (para. 1). The Institute for higher(prenominal) Education Policy conducted a study in 2011. This study showed that heptad in ten people incarcerated will commit further crime upon release and half of these individuals will be incarcerated again within one-third categorys (Why Prison Education? n.d.). The results of many studies show the solution to be a seemingly simple one, education equals change magni tude employment, and annexd employment equals reduced recidivism. Each facility, prison, jail, community corrections, and juvenile detention advances a different type of education to inmates. Prisons typically house individuals for longer periods of time than other correctional facilities.Because of the lengthy stay prisons are able to continue inmates many more services. In most prisons classes are passing gameed to teach inmates canonical skills of language, reading, and math. These skills are developed upon to help the individual produce a ordinary Education Diploma (GED). Some prisons, such as those in California, offer incentive programs to inmates seeking education. These individuals can earn up to six weeks per year reduction in their sentence for completing educational classes. They also offer sentence reduction for learning vocational skills, such as firefighting and increase the reduction time earned if the skills are used within the facility (Cdcr Implements Pu blic Safety Reforms to Parole Supervision, Expanded Incentive ascribe For Inmates, 2010). Some prisons are attempting to begin pilot programs involving distance learning. They can help the inmates to obtain financial help oneselfance to complete online college courses and earn degrees before release. Jails and community corrections typically do not house inmates for extended periods of time.Jails are often only able to help inmates to begin the learning process or assist in learning the basic skills of language, reading, math, and GED preparation. Many jails can help inmates in beginning the programs and guiding them toward other facilities and organizations who can further assist them upon release. Community corrections often have more flexibility and can offer a more varied selection of learning opportunities to individuals. Because less restrictions are involved they can sometimes offer vocational training or strict and structured on-the- theorize training. Probation and parol e individuals usually have advancing their education as part of their probation or parole contract. Most are required to attend GED classes and strongly urged to obtain a GED. Many states require probation officers to receive training concerning how to best assist their clients in furthering their education, job training, and job placement. Probation officers will often assist clients in locating employment that often involves on-the-job training. Aside from education, almost all facilities offer drug or substance abuse programs.Many also offer focal point for anger management and other counseling issues or direct individuals to organizations who are able to assist with these issues. While adults in the criminal justice system are often punished as well as rehabilitated, the justice system typically places focus on rehabilitation where juveniles are concerned. Juveniles commit crimes for a variety of reasons and most studies show education to be the solution to recidivism prev ention. Juveniles are required to continue their education while in detention. Juveniles are also typically provided with addiction counseling, social skills training, and mental health counseling. The onetime(a) juveniles are encouraged and often assisted with obtaining higher education. They are also provided with job training and job search skills.ReferencesBulman, P. (2009). Using Technology to soak up Prison and Jails Safer. Retrieved from http//www.nij.gov/journals/262/Pages/corrections-technology.aspx CDCR Implements Public Safety Reforms to Parole Supervision, Expanded Incentive Credits for Inmates. (2010). Retrieved from http//www.cdcr.ca.gov/News/Press_Release_Archive/2010_Press_Releases/Jan_21.html Correctional Education. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ovae/pi/AdultEd/correctional-education.html Coyle, A. (2009). A piece Rights Approach to Prison Management. Retrieved from http//www.prisonstudies.org/sites/prisonstudies.org/files/resources/ downloads/ handbook_2nd_ed_eng_8.pdfU.S. Department of Education Office of Educational interrogation and Improvement. (1994). Literacy Behind Prison Walls. Retrieved from http//nces.ed.gov/pubs94/94102.pdf Why Prison Education?. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//prisonstudiesproject.org/why-prison-education-programs/

The Categories of Value

Its aristocratic to assign Importance factors or risk categories to inanimate objects such(prenominal) as buildings, bridges, airplanes, dams, cars, and buses. It is agreeable to say that the structural integrity of a hospital is more important than that of a single family residence especially, in the case of an emergency. When charge importance or value to individual lives, we be confronted by an enkindle social dilemma How does society assign value to psyches life?The essence of life or simply living and wedded the opportunity to become a contri anding member of society is invaluable and has an unsurmountable monetary value however, within the constraints of the society we live in, we argon forced to assign a monetary value to an individual life. If we pillowcase away what makes us human our souls we can assign value and reason human life by the sum of their parcels to society and the impact their absence seizure would make. Those that commit horrible crimes and contri bute negatively to society belong to the premiere family unit.Those who contribute very little or havent had the discover to contribute to society belong to the second category. Those contributors whose sudden absences tint a small amount of masses belong to the third category. Those whose sudden absence affects many people belong to the fourth. Finally, those whose sudden absence can affect an entire society for generations to come belong to the fifth category. Murderers and individuals who wish vilify on innocent people belong in the beginning category. They argon in the first category due to their lack of contribution and handicap to our society.Truly without them there would be less damage and fear in at presents world. You can easily distinguish the contrast between the first and second category in the perspective of comparing them to someone in the second category, such as children and individuals whose lives were cut short, and sadly unable to even up begin to contr ibute to society the ones in the first category are the ones who usually end up in prisons for violent crimes or wicked violations, turn the ones in the second category generally contains young people who havent had a chance to make a difference in society.Individuals in the third category would be the ones whose deaths would affect a small amount of people such as a good-for-naught collar worker who supports their family with their salary. The sudden passing play of this person would be saddening but exactly the immediate family give typically need monetary payment to cover any expenses left behind. In comparison, the ones in the fourth category whose deaths would affect a much larger amount of people such as, owners of important businesses whose death may result in the layoff of many employees.The individuals in the fifth category are the ones who have a huge contribution to our society, such as individuals who find cures to devastating diseases, physicist on the verge of make a great breakthrough, world leaders, and important policy makers. Without them our society permit alone the whole world, would not be the same, they are the ones who make a difference in peoples lives. In the article, What Is the Value of a Human Life? by Kenneth Feinberg, he explores the moral problem with assignment different values to different members of society.The author finds it troubling that the compensation for someones death be related to that persons fiscal situation. For example, someone in the fourth category mentioned above will closely likely be a wealthy business owner while the person in the third category may be a modest middle class individual and would receive compensation accordingly. At the end of the article he states that in the future, he will admit equal compensation regardless of the persons financial deal or status in society.I believe that monetary compensation should only cover funeral expenses and enough income to allow their immediate fami lies time to adjust to the loss and become self-sustaining. It is okay for a society that is based on capitalism to compensate and assign a monetary value to individuals. It is our souls and humanity that will always be in conflict with manmade laws and forged societies. That is why this contention will never end. The day that currency becomes obsolete will be the day that society will truly discover that the only amour worth valuing is life itself, not money.

In What Ways Does The Character Of Othello Conform to Literary Tradition Of The Tragic Hero?

Othello is wiz of Shakespeargons or so famous tragedies entwined with death, dislike and deceit. It tells the story of a well regard and admired war ace, who gradually with the play fleets from grace. We ar told how jealousy all thrashs him so greatly that he murders his innocent make dor, and how the resentful Iago seeks avenge on separate characters in the play as he envies their positions of military group and part and uses lies, stealing and sluice murder to get retaliate.Another topic explored in the play is racism. We tell apart Othello has worked hard to overcome racial prejudices in society to reach such a point of great authority and respect, and this makes his story evening more than tragical because it wasnt as if all that personnel and status was fitting t balanceing(p) to him. It was his supports work, it meant ever soything to him and then he lost it all.In literary tradition a tragic hero is a adventuresome person who has authority and p ower in so far loses it all. The steps a tragic hero makes during his decline are entirely his admit. Although influenced by some other, the tragic hero ever displays free will, and the decisions that lead to his demise are his aver, which means that had he of been more careful his death could shed been avoided. It was Othellos fault because of his lack of self-assurance in Desdemona, which resulted in the destruction of them both. Tragic heroes do not inescapably need to die however they do in all the plays compose by Shakespeare. If they do support, then they are destined to suffer virtuous destruction and lose sense of what is right and wrong, blind by their discoverings and the pitiable that they cause experienced.It is crucial that a tragic hero possesses humansy properish personality traits, even if he is a bad person and has plague intentions such as Macbeth, merely they must all have adept fatal flaw.Othello had both splendour and weakness. However Othel lo possessed also oft greatness, and was too successful, noble and too proud and couldnt conceive that he had ever been wrong. Once he lost his ostentation and dignity it was all over for him because he had nothing else.Othello is a successful soldier because he has overcome many dangers and is full of awe-inspiring stories of his courage, will- power, bravery and physical strength. He sounds all in all dedicated to his work, and nothing seems to distract him from it as he is always wholly focused on it. Every conversation he has he refers to it and we dont know that he has any other interests. Even his relationship is dominated by his work.Desdemona is captivated by his marvelous stories and is full of admiration towards him in a sense it is his status and the excitement of his amazing adventures that she has fallen in love with, not Othello himselfShed come again, and with a greedy earDevour up my discourse.Here Othello tells the nobles who have met to discuss battle plans, interrupted by Brabantio acc use Othello of using witchcraft to make Desdemona fall in love with him, that she started to fall in love with him when he told her the stories of the journeys he had made and the battles he had fought in. He describes her fascination with them. The word greedy suggests she was suffering from a desire to hear more and devour suggests that she was desperate to take as practically of it in as possible.It could be said that the couple were always destined for sadness because they were not genuinely in love, respectable with each others doubleShe loved me for the dangers I and passed,And I loved her, that she did pity themOthello is describing how he knew that she loved him for his experiences in life and valiant character, and that he loved her because she admired him so much. This is an example of how Othello is out-of-the-way(prenominal) too proud, as he loved her only because she was so full of sycophancy for him. This makes me entail that he won t be a very good conserve as he is too self absorbed, and it sounds as if he is furthest more concerned roughly himself than with his wife. perhaps winning her heart was average another achievement to him.Iago is overcome with envy when Othello is sent on an urgent military mission in Cyprus and he does not receive the advancement that he was intently waiting for. Instead the position of Lieutenant is disposed to a young Florentine soldier Cassio. In anger Iago seeks revenge on them both for professional and personal reasons. His revenge on Othello is targeted through his relationship with his wife he wants to make Othello feel pain and perceptional upset, by convincing him that his wife is seeing Cassio behind his back and likes him higher up Othello, and he believes will achieve this. He knows that Othello is always used to existence the one who everyone admires and looks up too and that he always gets what he wants, and always seems to win, whether in work or love. Ia go wants him to feel as if in that respect is individual pause than him and that he isnt as good as he commemorates he is.He plans to poison Othello against his innocent wife and frame Cassio by set a handkerchief belonging to Desdemona in Cassios bedchamber. Iago is fr nil with jealousy as he feels that he has worked hard to achieve what he wants, putting in measure and effort, yet it has been Othello who has been rewarded, through what seems like little effort and nice luck.Iago is an annoyance force because he is ruthlessly interfering with their relationship, something which has nothing to do with him and it isnt as if that will even make his situation any better or solve anything. It is pure revenge without any regard for their hearts. What is even worse is that during this he is acting as a associate to Othello, and it is far more painful to be struck by a friend than an enemy. Othello believes Iago is someone that he can trust and this is certainly not adjust.When Othello is told of Desdemonas adultery, he seems instantly convinced that it is true, which shows that he doesnt have much faith in her, or know her very wellThis fellows of exceeding honesty,He seems tout ensemble decided more or less her immediately and believes Iago without question. We know that he does not believe Iago because of insecurity or low self-esteem, so Othello and Desdemonas relationship can never have been very good if he instantly believes Iagos word over her. He suddenly seems completely against her and starts to focus on how maybe wad had tried to warn him against her, and the reasons that it wouldnt work out. He duologue almost both his race and age.Othello copes with this seemingly fatal blow by convincing himself that he hates Desdemona and she is a whoreShes gone I am abused, and my relief must(prenominal) be to loathe her.This puts a great deal of pressure on his pride, entirely to extend feeling good about himself Othello curses her, in a bid to con vince himself that he is better off without her and deal with the situation. This actually shows him to have a very weak character despite his heroic image as he has to convince himself she is so terrible just to make himself feel good. In a way even at this point we could say that he is a tragic hero, as he does have some very apparent faults and we can foresee his demise. He has shown strength in body, but not in mind.Once he has been convinced of Desdemonas guilt, Othello believes that everyone is mocking him and laughing at him behind his backA fixed figure for the age of scorn.He thinks that he has been made a fool, by Desdemona who he now sees as calculating and deceptivePatience, though young and rose lipped cherubin,Ay, there look grim as hellHere he is reflecting on the transformation that he feels Desdemona has made, from a pure, innocent heavenly creature of beauty to a fierce, evil, cunning whore. This is a contrast between good and evil, with the images of heaven and hell, which we could compare to the themes of good and evil in the play represented by Desdemona and Iago.The language at this time of the play moves very swiftly from positive to negative, as if we can feel the evil Iago has created gradually spreading everywhere. We can also see in the quote language which is very poetic, and a great use of metaphors such as how he refers to Desdemona as a cherubin as she seemed so good and innocent. This is unusual for Othello as earlier in the play he scorns his own use of poetic languageI prattle out of hammer (act2 stroke1)Here he is referring to his speech to Desdemona after their arrival in Cyprus, and is admitting to himself that he is usually a far more plain accoster without reckon language or poetic phrases. This would suggest that either Desdemona brings out a different more romantic side in him, or that he is playing a role in front of her to convince them both that he is a perfect lover as well as soldier.Now by using this poetic s tyle language, which he detested before, to convey his anger the audience are struck by the feeling that he has been encompassed by some kind of change, and it signifies the success of Iagos plan.The final scene of Othello is constructed in such a way that speeches of dramatic eloquence are entwined with straightforward dialogue. Othello is now completely convinced that he must come out Desdemona, and he tries to justify himself by saying he is doing it for the good of other men. I think another flaw in Othellos character is that his work, competitiveness as a hero for his pack and violent death enemies, is so much a part of even his everyday life, that he has become blinded by jealousy and in a kind of madness is suggesting that polishing Desdemona has to be make as part of his duty. What really makes him a tragic hero is that he had led himself to believe that what he is about to do is correct, yet he close up loves her and so he is confused.Othello talks about what he is going to do as if it is something that has to be done, as if he is putting an animal out of its miseryIt is the cause, it is the cause, my soulHe thinks that he is sacrificing her to an ideal rather than murdering her in vengeful hatred.A lot of ferocity is now placed on her beauty, e supernumeraryly the whiteness of her skin. Othello tells himself that he has to kill Desdemona, yet he does not want to ruin this beauty besides Ill not shed her blood,Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow.The whiteness of her skin expound makes us think about her purity and innocence, and it is another contrast with colour, light source things personifying goodness. This makes us think of the good and evil in the play again. He is assay to avoid marking her body as she is so pretty. Maybe he also does not want to damage her body because he is convinced that he is doing a good thing and helping her, and he doesnt think that it needs to be a violent slaughter just a quiet sacrifice. He no long er thinks about his anger, but just wants to do what he considers has to be done. By believing what he is about to do is the right thing Othello is following the typical fall of a tragic hero, acting on what he believes to be true and view that his actions are correct. once again we think of her purity and goodness when he talks about putting out the light which personifies her as a light in reference to her life. He also refers to her as a rose, which shows that he is penetrative to compare her to things that appear to be nice, maybe because we know that he stills appreciates her beauty, or maybe because he sees it as a disguiseWhen I have plucked the rose,I cannot give it vital growth again.This is a euphemism for death. From the wink line we know that Othello realises what he is about to do is irreversible the spoken communication vital growth mean that once he has plucked the rose (Desdemona) and interpreted her life, he cannot give it back again. This may show that he has g iven the murder some thought, but he certainly has not considered it rationally or thought about the consequences of his actions. It think that the way Othello is now using metaphors to describe everything it proves that he is not thinking clearly and that he is caught up in some kind of obsession, quite apart from mankind. By never referring to it directly, it makes us think he is not looking at the consentaneous situation in a sensible or wise way.By kissing Desdemona one last time, Othello shows that he is still drawn to her and loves her, yet he doesnt want to believe it. It builds up a lot of focus for the audience because right until the last moment we are still enquire if he will reconsider and change his mind, as it is obvious there is still love there. He wants to remember her the way she was when he was in love with her, charming and beautiful and not betraying or cheating on him. It is obvious that he values perfection, and he would rather her be absolutely and beaut iful than alive and hurting him and causing trouble.During this part of the play Othello has been so taken over by evil that, as an audience, we start to hate him and feel anger at his violence, jealousy and severe misjudgement of his wife.I think also we can recognise a certain naivety at heart his character, for bank someones word enough to kill the person he cares for most in the world.In the final few minutes of the play when Othello is confronted with the reality of what he has done by the other men, he is full of regret and can see that he has made a terrible mistake. He tries to remind them of the man of greatness that he once wasI have done the state some service and they knowtHere he is store how noble he used to be and he is reminding them of what he has done for them all in his heroic past. Maybe he is also trying to reassure himself that he has been a good person in his life before now, and of the good things that he has achieved. He asks the men there to speak of hi m how he really is, and to talk about his behaviour the way it was call of me as I am nothing extenuate, nor set graduate aught in malice.He is asking them not to excuse his actions, but not to talk of him brutally either. He wants them to tell the truth as they see or believe it, and to think about his reasons. This shows that he is trying to keep some dignity and that he values honesty in people, which suggests that still he is a good person. He describes himself as a person that does not usually get jealous, but was wrought with it, and perplexed in the extreme. Again he uses poetic language to express how he feelsLike the level Indian threw a pearl away.Here he is using another metaphor, this time to describe how he just threw Desdemonas life away and destroy her, and how he was unaware of her true value and ignorant about the special person that she was.In the end all tragic heroes come to term with what they have done, and realise that they have made terrible mistakes and have been acting without reason but on their emotions. Othello then takes the decision to end his own life, as he feels that he has been reduced to nothing and has lost everything he ever worked for. He has completely fallen from grace and meets the stereotyped image of a tragic hero perfectly as he goes from unfearing hero to the disgraceful position of a murderer. He talks about himself as two peopleWhere a malignant and a turbaned Turk,Beat a Venetian and traduced the stateHe sees himself as both an time-honoured soldier and a murderous lover, but he doesnt want to live as what he has been reduced to. He cant live with himself after realising what he has done and the full extent of his actions. He may kill himself because he feels that he deserves it for doing such a think, but I also think that his dignity plays a big part as he wants to support some of that and his pride. He refers to himself as a Turk in this passage, which of course his is, but he has always been recognise d as part of the Venetian society, and never referred to as that.He is trying to make the point that he is their handmaid and enemy and will never truly be one of them because of his colour. By this we can tell that he truly has lost all his pride and self assurance, as he never made any statements about this before and always believed in himself and that he could succeed. It has all been the simple emotion of jealousy inside him that has caused the deaths of an innocent woman, a brave and noble man and a passionate love affair.I think that Othello is a true tragic hero because he goes from such a height of greatness to such shame and disgrace. He loses everything. He clearly makes his own decisions, even though he is greatly influenced by Iago. Then at the end of the play he recognises his mistakes and sees his fatal flaw that he was too trusting of Iago and that jealousy blinded his love, and led him to become what he has. His character has changed from the starting line of the play, where he is confident, proud and well-respected to the end when he is remorseful, full of shame and looked down on in disgrace.However he has remained determined all the time to do what he believes, and has always been honest even though people havent been with him.The play evokes feelings of frustration and sadness frustration at the ignorance of Othello about the characters about him, and sadness at the cost of his actions, and loss of an innocent life. Othello is completely in the tradition of a literary tragic hero and dies a victim of his own making.