Remembering Babylon Essay

To what Extent can Gemmy be regarded as Representing a Paradigm deliver in the Mind Set of the Settlers? In the novel Remembering Babylon by David Malouf, the character Gemmy causes the settlers to change their attitudes towards Australia. At first, the settlers have a actually ostracize view of the land that they had colonised, but when Gemmy joins them he makes them substantialise that it is non so bad after all. He teaches them some of the things that he learned from his judgment of conviction quick with the Aborigines. These ideas then transform the settlers mind set and their attitude towards Australia.In the beginning, the settlers did not feel corresponding they wanted to be in Australia they panorama that Scotland was such(prenominal) better. During the flashbacks of how George Abbott came to Australia, it shows how inferior Australia is impinge onn. When he was told that he would go to Australia, it says Australia. That was the word Mr Robertson had dropped into t he room. The placidity deepened round it, then spread (Malouf 45). The reaction to the word Australia shows how poorly he thought of it, which is signified by dint of the use of mood. In this passage, the mood is very surprised, but in a negative way almost as if it was un calculateable to suggest it. George Abbot later described Australia as a godforsaken place (Malouf 46).This mind set is shared by Lachlan when he moves to Australia. He thinks that The bush it wasnt even a country was of no interest (Malouf 49). The fact that he thought of Australia as an uncivilised land, kind of than a country, displays the view that Australia is inferior to Scotland. Before the settlers had met Gemmy, their attitude towards Australia was that it was in every(prenominal) way inferior to the carriage they could have had in Scotland and they did not sincerely want to be there.When Gemmy had been found by the Aborigines, he adapted to their life and learned from them their views on life an d character. That is shown when he hears of the settlers coming to Australia and he sees them as strange, as if he had the mind set of an Aborigine. So when news drifted up from the south of spirits, white-faced, covered from head to foot in bark and move four-footed beasts that were taller than a man, he was disturbed, and the desire to see these creatures, to discover what they were, force at him till he could not rest (Malouf 26). This view that he had of the unknowncreatures shows that in his mind he has become much resembling an Aborigine than a white man and he feels as if he does not really know what the white people are any more.Later on, as Gemmy accompanies Mr Frazer on wholeness of his botanical excursions, Gemmy accognitions the spiritual world. a lite light surrounding him like the line that contained Mr Frazers drawings. It came from the zilch set of where his spirit touched the spirits he was moving through (Malouf 61). The fact that he has learned about spiri ts of creatures shows that during the time he stayed with the Aborigines, he learned to apprize another dimension of the world. By living with the Aborigines, Gemmy became like one of them. He no longer felt like he belonged to the white people any more and because of the Aborigines he besides learned to appreciate the world in a completely various way.After Gemmy had lived in the settlement for a while, Janet had an epiphany that allowed her to view Australia from a opposite perspective. She felt as if all the rough skin of her present self-importance crusted and came off, what would be revealed, shining in sunlight, was this finer being that had in some way been covered up in her (Malouf 53). After that epiphany, she felt as if she had been projecting of the weight of her own life, and the brighter being in her was very gently breathing in and shifting its wings (Malouf 53). These feelings described make it seem as if she was meet more spiritual, almost like Gemmy had lear ned to be. She saw the world in a new dimension that allowed her to see the true beauty of Australia. Janet became more aware of what the land almost her really was like and its beauty in a similar fashion as Gemmy had, thus she could have been influenced by his views.Mr Frazer also learned a lot about the character from Gemmy. He often went on outings to discover new plants and record them in his notebook and he always took Gemmy along to show him the nature. He sketched the parts of the plants that Gemmy showed him (Malouf 59) and carefully recorded every detail of it in his notebook. On another one of the expeditions, Mr Frazer writes a reflection in his diary that says We have been wrong to see this continent as hostile and infelicitous It is habitable already. I think of our early settlers, starving on these shores in the midst of plenty they didnot recognise, in a blessed nature of flesh, fowl, fruit that was all around them and which they could not, with their English eyes , perceive We must rub our eyes and look again, clear our minds of what we are looking for to see what is there. (Malouf 118).This reflection shows how Mr Frazer had learned to appreciate the nature and aims for others to also be able to open their eyes to the world around them and appreciate it for what it is instead of hate it for what it is not. Later, when Mr Frazer talks to the governor Sir George, he describes the cognition of native life (Malouf 152) that Gemmy has, which shows that he appreciates Gemmys more extensive intimacy and how it can benefit the life of the settlers. By article of faith Mr Frazer about the nature in Australia, Gemmy has managed to show him the true beauty of nature and appreciate it as it is.Through opening the settlers eyes, Gemmy has been able to show them how to fully appreciate Australia. First, they did not at all care for it since they wanted it to be as much like Scotland as possible. However, as Gemmy came, he passed on some of the knowledg e he had learned from the Aborigines. This allowed Janet to see the world from another dimension and appreciate its true beauty. It also taught Mr Frazer the usefulness of nature and he began to appreciate it for its real beauty. He then wishes that the other settlers also could see the world as he does and he tells the governor about this new knowledge. By teaching the settlers about the land, Gemmy managed to cause a paradigm shift in at least some of the settlers attitudes towards Australia.

Dramatic Techniques in “Oedipus the King” Essay

Sophocles was angiotensin converting enzyme of the most celebrated playwrights of his time, pen more(prenominal) than 100 plays to captivate and delight his ancient Grecian auditions. Today, although lone(prenominal) seven plays remain, his work continues to be enjoyed, evoking a variety of emotions and passions from his meaningful and perturbing tragedies, proving that he revolutionised the face of drama. One of Sophocles most legendary plays, Oedipus the tabby, demonstrates his outstanding writing skill, by the number of techniques he incorporates, such as dramatic badinage, symbolizationization and his usage of the emit.Dramatic irony is a prominent device utilize in many tragedies. It allows the audience to feel a sense of perk and engage custodyt in the play and develops an alliance between the dramatist and the spectators, so that mere curiosity is non the only aspect keeping the viewing audience interested. Such tragedies containing dramatic irony include Othel lo, Romeo and Juliet and Time in the Conways by J.B. Priestley. In Oedipus the King, everyone in the audience knows from the beginning that Oedipus has killed his father and married his mother, non only from the prologue, solely due to the fact that the basic story of Oedipus was a well known myth of the time.The tension of the play, then, builds up from Oedipus slow but foreseeable advancement towards this horrifying self- intimacy. Watching Oedipus fate unfold, the audience associates with the protagonist, vividly sharing the horror of the reversal he suffers and recognising the command that fate has. By relating with the audience, Sophocles accomplished the catharsis that Aristotle thought was so essential. One scene in plane sectionicular illustrates an obvious example of dramatic irony, when Oedipus is addressing his people about the wickedness they are suffering.And while you suffer, none suffers more than I.You confuse your several griefs, from each one for himselfBut my heart bears the weight of my own, and yoursAnd all my peoples sorrows. I am not asleep.(Lines 51-54)Oedipus relates that he suffers from the fact that his people are sick, however, the viewers know its paradigm meaning, that, although he does not know it he suffers from another type of sickness- that of world contaminated with the crimes of incest and murder, and actually, in the endhe does suffer from the shame of his people, then carrying their grievances. Dramatic irony increases a sense of suspense among the audience as they wait for the inevitable, foreshadowing what is to be the climax of the story that destructive secondment of realisation which is the basis of most Greek tragedies. However, apart from their base knowledge of the Oedipus legend, the audience is unaware of the order and particulars of the play, therefore a medium is take to relate between the audience and the drama on stage. In Greek theatre this comes in the form of the choir.The major roles of the em it are to commentate and to react fittingly to the events onstage. They provide the audience with clarification and reinforce the ethical motive of the play, reacting in a way the ideal spectators should react. The Chorus in Oedipus the King are wise Theban elders who long for stability and composure among their society, advising Oedipus to Be merciful and learn to yield in order to keep calm between himself and Creon, and in lines 875-894 they essentially exclaim that man should not exploit to rebel against fate, law or the gods. They also tend to keep the persistence and urgency of the play alive by summarising and foreshadowing particular events wherefore has the Queen, sir, go forth us in such deep passion? / I fear some vile catastrophe will outThe Chorus is also a tool Sophocles used to influence and control the audiences response because the Chorus were, in terms of status, personality and attitudes and values, very similar to the audience therefore they felt implied to feel how the Chorus was feeling. In this respect, the spectators were taking part in the play since the Chorus represented their voice. In Oedipus the King the endure words are spoken directly to the viewers by the Chorus a final summary and confirmation of tragedy, they state that all men are to be wretched until the day they die. In this tragedy the Chorus is a symbol of the common ideologies of the time and other symbols aid in giving meaning to the drama and allowing viewers to delve deeper into the plot.Symbolism is a method of revealing ideas or truth through the use of symbols. In Oedipus the KingSophocles uses symbol in a number of instances, proving his great ability as a playwright. As mentioned, symbolism gives depth to drama, and although symbolism whitethorn not have been evident to theancient Greeks when viewing the play, on reflection these clues may have come known, revealing a whole new spotter of the play. In this particular tragedy sight is a consistent symbol throughout the text and it occurs both literally and metaphorically. In the beginning, clear comprehend Oedipus sees only what he wishes to and is blind to the grave truth of his past (and future). He seems to pity Tiresias physical blindness more than he marvels at his gift, treating it as a significant disability and using it against him. Living in perpetual night, you cannot harm me, nor any man else that sees the light. Consequently when Oedipus comes to know of the truth he blinds himself in order to escape the shame of his children.As soon as this happens we see a change in his character he becomes more modest and although the chorus thinks only of the hurting Oedipus must be in- Foulest malformation that I ever saw O cruel, insensate agony(lines 1298-1300) -Oedipus makes no mention of physical pain. Another symbol is that of a crucial deciding(prenominal) moment in the play, the three cross roads where Laius is murdered. The symbol of the occasion shows us how although O edipus was destined to a certain thing he did have some free will- if his character had allowed him to stay calm in the positioning with Laius, Oedipus may have been better off. A further symbol is Oedipus self-conceited feet and his name. The link between Oedipus name and his ankle is vital because it proves that Oedipus was the child that was left to die and therefore the one whom the oracles prediction was made to. It also gives a lasting physical proof in the form of his limp that he has had from birth. In addition to this feet are a symbol for humans in this play-the Sphinx riddle demonstrates this, therefore the meaning of Oedipuss swollen feet could also describe his break as a human being.Through the study of some of the techniques Sophocles enmeshed in his plays, his aptitude and flair as playwright has become discernible and have most definitely helped his plays succeed throughout history. Dramatic irony kept viewers interested in the plot and increased suspense, symb olism gave depth to the plot and the Chorus developed the plays ability to universalise, by alter the audience to relate to the feelings of the Chorus and the protagonist. When it was written it was, in the opinion of Aristotle, one of the greatest tragedies. Today, although attitudes and values have changed,it has the same effect and it is still say to be original tragedy from its universal techniques and morals.

Btc Pipeline: Turkish Delight or Russian Roulette?

INTRODUCTION Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline is an crude oil pipeline that transports crude oil Caspian Sea to the Turkish coast, over three countries. BTC Company is a say venture company amenable for the construction and operation of the whole $4bn pipeline, direct by BP as majority shareholder. Spread across Azerbaijan, Georgia and bomb largest cross-border cornerstone construction project in the world dubbed the contract of the ampere-second. Financing was agreed after over dickens years of appraisal of the say-so environmental and amicable impacts relating to the project.An underlying strategy is to reduce dependency on OPEC oil nonplusrs in the turbulent Middle East and to exclude Russia seen by America as a resurgent superpower. Aside from corroboratory benefits Georgia and joker gain financial benefits done transit fees and Azerbaijan through the royalties and tax revenues, However, BTC co. encountered several social and environmental issues during the const ruction of the 1768km pipeline. Limited routing options meant encountering geo-hazard risks, potential harm and disturbance of communities and natural habitat, temporary land acquisition, revenue counsel and a volatile political environment.Thus this project received intense examination by stakeholders and press for its lack in humility and effectiveness in resolving political, social, victimizational and security concerns. THE OBJECTIVE/GOALS Stakeholder map. A visual social occasion of parties that affect or about unnatural by an organization, strategy and in this case a project. Helps us identify the expectations and power of different stakeholders, this envision what respectable issues dilemmas are to be understood and resolved. METHOD / FRAMEWORK FOR summary We have chosen a normative approach (what should be done) for our digest as opposed to a descriptive approach (how it is done).Generate solutions that enforce behaviorally standards as we already have detailed evid ence showing how it is done. Moral absolutism will be used by clearing stating what is right and improper which be rationally determined in order to come up with a universal applicable solution. This helps us come up with an physical object stand-point on the subject. There will be examination of traditional ethical theories much(prenominal) as consequentialist and non-consequentialist approaches and stakeholder theories and new age concepts namely, corporate citizenship to help us justify our absolute perspective in solving the ethical dilemmas.THE principal(prenominal) ISSUES AND DILEMMAS BP FACE IN THIS CASE Political instability Pipeline security measures Human Right Abuses Corruption Poor governance High expectations from local anaesthetic anesthetic community Environmental Risks and Risk Assessment Intense scrutiny by pressure groups and media Land Acquisition and Land Compensation HOW WOULD YOU EVALUATE BPS nuzzle TO SOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE P ROJECT FOR THE LOCAL COMMUNITY? BP roofy up a Regional Sustainability Development program (RSDP) to proactively address issues. amicable 1) Community Investment Program ($20m addressed to social issues)-in Azerbaijan set with by and large international groups-in Turkey with local Turkish organizationswith universities and private consultants firmsBP set up a monitoring and complaints procedure Economical 1) Regional Development initiative ($25m designed to accompany over 10yrs after opening) 2) Set up of local coordinators and in consultation with local community. ) Focus was improvement of local infrastructure in road and civil construction 4) Projects aimed at agriculture and attainment development Environmental 1) Environmental Investment Program (to ecological issues) chief executive officer Lord Browne appointed a Caspian Development Advisory Panel, which provided recommendations such as assembly of an external body to conduct periodic reviews.ASSESS THE APPROACH FROM A P ERSPECTIVE OF UTILIARIANISM AND DEONTOLOGY? According to utilitarianism,an action is honourablely right if it entrusts in the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people affected by the action Based on cost? benefit abbreviation Rule utilitarianism * looks at classes of action and ask whether the underlying principles of an action produce more pleasure than pain for society in the long runStakeholder constitute Benefit BP and BTC & co * $25m +$20m programs * Opportunity cost * Failure of local actors * Subjected to a corrupt environment * Misuse of revenue * Complaints from locals * Good Reputation * destiny society * Compliance Financiers % of investments go to CSR * Mitigation of social development risks that would result to additional costs Communities Unfair treatmentHuman right abusesIssue of compensationLocal political divisions- 1 riptide feud * Financial investment in society and development projects * bodily structure in place for communication * First commercial strawberry spring up Government External involvement of governance * Investment for national development * Availability of resources Pressure Groups Alleged TortureHuman rights abuses * Raised awareness of internal administration Employees and Contractors Unfair treatment * Job Opportunities * Economic support Environment death and disturbance of the environment * Structure of a program to address issues Agencies and nongovernmental organizations Lack of credibility Public scrutiny * Displayed support from BP * increase involvement Work from a German philosopher Immanuel Kant who development a suppositional framework called categorical imperative. This meant that this framework applied to every moral issue regardless of who is involved. It is made out of three maxims which are 1) congruity throughout any situation ) Treat gentlemanity al guidances as an end and never as a means. 3) Universally acceptable These two theories introduce the issue of subjectivity due t o intellectual scrutiny. ASSESSMENT FROM RIGHTS AND JUSTICE. HOW DOES IT differ? Rights and justice is based on a consensus about nature of human dignity. It is objective in that it conceptualized on natural rights that certain basic, important, nontransferable entitlements that should be respected and valueed in every single action. In addition Ethics of justices means fair procedures and fair outcomes. A impingement of these rights means the approach is seen as unethical. BPs poor social and environmental assessment led to a display of lack of humility.SCOPE OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR MNC operate IN ENVIRONMENTS OF CORRUPTION AND POOR GOVERNANCE. How far should BP made be responsible? Arguments against The corporation should solely be accountable to its shareholders in order to protect investments. In support of this argument, Milton Friedman published an article titled, The social responsibility of melodic phrase is to increase its profits. Stating only humans have moral resp onsibilities, managers should act in interests of its shareholders and social issues and problems are for governments to handle. A nonher perspective is that of Archie Carrolls four-part model of CSR. Stating that CSR undersurface be met by going through each level consecutively. Arguments forCSR seems to be widely accepted because of enlightened self-interests. However, corporations are now perceived undertake a social actors, not only because of legislation but companies depone on the contribution of other parties. It now exists in a society. Thus, the origination of corporate citizenship, in which the company acknowledges an extended political role. Obtaining citizenship means entitlement of civil, social and political rights which are attached to responsibilities. Social rights (i. e. freedom to participate in society) BP provider / ignorer Civil rights (i. e. freedom from abuses) BP disabler/ enabler Political righs (i. e. right to participate in process of governance) BP c hanelling / blockingTransparency International Corruption Perception Index Year Turkey Azerbaijan Georgia 2002 64 95 85 2003 77 124 124 2006 60 cxxx 99 It can be argued that BP has fuelled the level of corruption as seen in the figures above. Therefore have to commit them to solving this social problem. What is the appropriate way for BP to respond to its on-going criticism? Virtue ethics Transparency Expose finding Protection Acts Auditing Body Discourse ethics Dialogue and Stakeholder Engagement legal Complaint Procedure eg. Response period Right to Information Systems in Place Land Ownership options Introduce this all over Azerbaijan not only Baku

Effective communication Essay

find situations where you save efficaciously demonstrated from each one of the forms of intercourse mentionedEffective communication is an important part of my occupancy role. On a daily groundwork I need to communicate with various different people. Firstly, I accept to collect the schooling from various parts of our organisation, this is normally done oer email, however on some occasions this requires further explanation and this would be done over the telephone or face to face. Once the information is prepared, I distribute this via emails, internally to the managers to review. Once this has been reviewed by the management team, I then distribute this externally to the client. What did you do to help communicate effectively?I send out the raw data to the client each week, however I then send out a plurality that summarises the figures in a clear and precise format. For the period review, the data is wander into a PowerPoint presentation. The client gets a copy of the sl ides that we discuss. We discuss each concourse whether anything should be changed going forward. There have been occasions we have at peace(p) into more detail, and others where we have summarised as the client is happy with the figures behind this. How have your communication skills helped you to improve your performance elsewhere? The effective communication in this particular example has increased my confidence in certain areas. I also think that by asking for feedback regularly, I can plug I am reporting exactly what people want to tell in the formats they want too. I have applied this to other areas of my job role.

Buckland Review

Abstract selective selective data Is a broad term that encompasses a massive variety of sources. In culture as Thing, Backhand attempts to sic Information by drop deading It down into information-as-process, information-as-knowledge, and information-as-thing. As he went on into tangibility versus intangibility, I saw a mere glimpse of the complexity behind it every plainly what truly got me cerebrateing was the discussion of what is commonly thought of to be enlightening.The field of battle of information cognizances restricts information to consist strictly of data, documents and text, when in reality, like Backhand said, objects and crimsonts quite possibly could provide more than than Information. Luckily, there ar changes being do In order to attend that artifacts and objects can be mark offn as documents. Another viewpoint introduced was the fact that anything could exhaust the capacity to be informational, as long as some star cute it to be. Furthermore , not all things seen as illuminating ar going to be lend oneselfd.Backhand has opened my eyes to a new piece where information is not Just a term that is uncomplicated but is elaborate. An uncommon salute Information is a broad but loaded term. With that said, it is awfully secure to pinpoint its exact meaning. Many uncommon but noteworthy viewpoints were discussed in Michael Backhands Information as Thing. This enlightening article presents a invigorated new twist on the way the leger information is defined. For me, personally, Information has always been a term that has been Incredibly simple and straightforward.It was something self explanatory?no save explanation required. Because Backhands perspective is so drastically contrastive to what Im familiar with, I had to canvass this piece several times ahead I could even begin to empowered it. Before I could even grasp all the material covered in this article, I knew I was in for a bumpy ride. It quickly became clear to me that information was highly more complicated than I perceived It to be. As I was grazing through the article for the first time, I wondered what approach Backhand would birth to define this term. Laming the word Information to be ambiguous, Backhand decided to break it down into three distinguishable parts information-as-process, information-as-knowledge, and information-as-thing. Moreover, he then degage them into tangible versus intangible, where information-as-process and information-as-knowledge are categorized as intangible, as opposed to Information-as-thing, which travel under the category of tangible. Since this was all still very foreign to me, my principal was feeling a little overwhelmed.I would adjudge never have anticipate there to be so much gray area deep down information and information sciences. When I think of sources of information, the typical few straight come to mind ?TV, books, and websites. As Backhand begins to introduce the various types of infor mation, data, texts, and documents are among the first elements to be touched upon. While reading this, I was wholly satisfied with those three resources. Topic. To my utter surprise, this was certainly not the case. Instead, my eyes settled on another italicized word that appeared at the break of the paragraph. Objects, the paper stated. I was puzzled by this label and questioned Backhands ideas but soon came to the realization that he was spot on. Objects are definitely a great source of information?some may even argue that they are more informative than ATA, texts, or documents?but are frequently overlooked in the world of information studies. As I mulled over the thought some more, a certain object made its way into my mind. My charm bracelet, something I wearing away everyday, undeniably allows others to peer into the life of Chelsea Chin. Each charm is highly exemplary and reveals a little snippet about me.In my opinion, if a poll was taken about types of information, Im sure the majority of people would have responded with at to the lowest degree one, if not all, of the big three, but if they were given the time to actually think about it and then given n follow-up assignment, I am confident that most people would have a list with the word object nested somewhere in there. With regards to the way the field of information science has fixated their time on data, text, and documents while ignoring objects, it is definitely difficult to hear but pleasant to see Outlet and the documentation movement giving it more attention.As I think the section is starting to wrap up, I am shocked yet again as I come crosswise another italicized word Events. Backhand brings up an excellent point when he refers to events as informative henchmen. There is no doubt that events are informative?they are Just harder to represent because they are fleeting. Backhand has come to the cobblers last that we are unable to say confidently of anything that it could not be informat ion (Backhand, 1991). The statement is valid but something Vive never really thought about. As we dive deeper into the article, it becomes apparent that there is really no solution to this problem.Take a desk for example. It is something that is often seen simply Just as a piece of furniture? nothing more, nothing less. If one really wanted to though, this desk could provide all sorts of information. It has the ability to imply that one was a student or held a job. Furthermore, the quality of the desk could also be something to look out for when examining the item if one is writing a review for the company that made it. From this example, it is easy to see that anything can be qualified as informational if placed into the correct situation, which is scarcely the point Backhand is trying to get at.Sometimes people believe things are informational even when it is not assured hat people will utilize that thing. Just like the telephone book mentioned by Backhand, the terms of promise is plenty informational, but no one really takes the time to read through that novel. Information has always been very black and white to me. study this article, however, has allowed me to see information in a different light. Backhand made an exceptional attempt to define the word information by dividing it further into three separate sections.Comparing his definition to mine, it is easy to see that my view was simple(a) and extremely transparent while his was well thought out and intricate. His arguments have really provoked a considerable amount thought in me documents, data, and text are not the only resources that provide information. Objects and events are evenly as informational, if not more so. Everything has to the Backhand made some really great points that have given me a newfound appreciation for the field of information studies. References Backhand, M. (1991). Information as Thing. Journal of the American Society for Information science, 42(5), 351-360.

Sergical Tech. Informative

Courtney Davis English 111 CML 02-09-12 Essay 2 informative Do You Want to Be A Scrub? Have you ever considered entertain the idea of establishing a cargoner in functional Technology? legion(predicate) people are not thoroughly familiar with the trick duties, educational requirements, earnings, telephone line outlook, and potential downsides. Exploring these five areas will back up you in fashioning a more informed career decision. Surgical Technologist brush aside alike be referred to as gown (Occupational vista Handbook, p. ). A Surgical Technologists duties before an operation is to help prepare the Operating Room by setting up instruments and equipment that are used and needed by the sawbones performing the procedure. Cynthia Davis, RN/ CST states her duty I prepare and maintain extremely complex sterile environments. They get the patients ready for cognitive process by dry wash and shaving the necessary theatrical roles of the body that the surgeon will be focus ing on. They also observe the patients vital signs and check over charts.During surgery a running(a) applied scientists assist the surgeon or their assistant by divergence and holding instruments, cutting sutures, counting needles and other supplies that are essential to the surgery being performed at the time. Sometimes the surgical techs even operate sucking machines, sterilizers, adjust lights to a specific area, and help operate diagnostic equipment that is in the surgical room. .Cynthia describes her position as the primary surgical tech answerable for handling instruments, supplies, and equipment during all surgical procedures. These procedures range from minimally invasive biopsies to exceedingly complex surgeries.After an operation Scrubs may help the patient to recoery. They also clean and restock the operating room so that it will be ready for the next operation. Jennifer Davis, NP . , says, My responsibilities as a surgical technologist are to set up, maintain a st erile field during surgery, assist the surgeon if needed and clean up and start all over again. Most Scrubs work a regular 40hour week, notwithstanding also will remain on call to work nights, weekends, or whenever needed just depending on how many surgeries are instrumentd throughout the week. Usually, holidays are on a rotating basis. (Bureau of Labor Statistics,U. S. segment of Labor. ) Most employers prefer to film certified technologist. Training programs last 9-24 months and lead to a certificate, diploma, or associates item (Occupational Outlook Handbook, p. 1). Technologist may obtain voluntary professional support from the National Board of Surgical Technology and Surgical Assisting by graduating from a CAAHEP-accredited program and a passing a national certification enquiry In coordinate to maintain certification they must earn 60 hours of approved continuing education over 4 age or retake and pass the certifying exam at the end of 4 grades (Occupational Outlook H andbook, p. 3).The wages of surgical technologist target vary with their experience, education, accountability of the position, working hours, and the economy of a given region of the country (Occupational Outlook Handbook). The benefits that are provided by most employers will include paid vacation and sick leave, health, medical, vision, dental, life insurance and a retirement program. A hardly a(prenominal) even provide tuition reimbursement and child care benefits. Cynthia Davis reports she organizes her own schedule that must consist of four twelve hour shifts , says she is always on call but that the excellent benefits and health insurance make up for it. . On average surgical technologist made $38,740 in whitethorn of 2008 according to Occupational Outlook Handbook. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor the employment is expected to grow much faster than average. reflect opportunities will be the best for those willing to relocate (ooh) in 2008, surgical Technologist held about 91,500 jobs, with 71 percent of the jobs being in hospitals. former(a) positions were held in offices of physicians, dentist, and ambulatory surgical centers (Occupational Outlook Handbook). Industries employing the largest numbers of surgical technologist were Specialty hospitals $40,880 and Out patient centers $39,660. (Bureau of Labor Statics, U. S. Department of Labor) Technologists must suffice quickly and must be familiar with operation procedures in the order to have instruments ready for surgeons without having to be told to do so (Occupational Outlook Handbook, p. 3). Scrubs need manual dexterity to handle instruments quickly. They must be conscientious, orderly, and emotionally stable to handle the demand s of the operating room environment.Potential downsides are standing for long periods of time, being exposed to communicable diseases and unpleasant sights, odors and materials. Jennifer describes this job as high stress but very r ewarding. The worst part of the job is losing a patient. In conclusion, the thought of establishing yourself in a surgical technology career can consist of knowing the duties, educational requirements, earnings, job outlook, and the potential downsides to the job.The relatively short amount of time it takes to obtain a degree or license needed to start a career, the gaiety of doing something different everyday, and the substantial earnings you can make each year are all good reasons to pursue nursing as a career, as long as the downsides are tolerable for you. If you are cerebration that the downsides dont seem so bad then you should check into pursuing a career in surgical technology and you can be a Scrub.

FastFit Case Analysis Essay

1. 1. Mark the main flows of goodishs and currency in the diagram (above) and employ a key or table of descriptive constituents to develop your answer.1. HQ contacts the go awayr and tells them how often of to each one(prenominal) overlap the company inevitably.2. The supplier sends the goods to the FastFit w arho go.3. The w arho usance nonifies HQ about receiving the goods and how much of each mathematical product is in storage.4. HQ tells the lay in, which inserts to send the products to, how much product each retentiveness needs and when the barge in needs the products.5. The warehouse sends the proper amount of each good to the FastFit come ins.6. clients come on into the FastFit inventorys and suffer money to purchase the products.7. memory board sells the node the merchandise, receives money and individualized info about the guest and sends the happy node habitation with their purchase.8. Store sends money and node selective teaching to HQ. Store alike sends instruction about what products aim under ones skin been successful and which products are not selling.9. HQ tells suppliers which goods are going to be re-ordered. Also HQ pays for the goods that the supplier has supplied.10. HQ tells store managers how to pot up and run the FastFit stores to enable the highest level of success.11. provider sends education about the goods that piddle been shipped to the warehouse and how much money is owed for the goods.2. a) List the special gunpoints of info that are usually gathered at the POS (Point of changes event endpoint or cash register) and recorded when a customer checks out (excluding obtaining the indistinguishability of the customer which is covered in Q3)? b) What are three cardinal uses of this reading at the store by the store manager and by care at the headquarters a total of six uses? (use a table) (It is important that you give different responses/uses for store manager and the HQ)Transactional reading POS Transaction ID pay Type (credit/debit) consider of Sale Time of Sale measure paid Amount Due Store Details (Name, Location, Branch) Promotion/ Discount (if any) harvest tuition Type of fruit (Clothing/Accessory) product ID Size of the increase Product Brand expense of the Product measuring of ProductStaff discipline Which employee sold the product to the customer Comparison on employee successStore learning Sales Promotions Occurring How long the product has been in the store How some(prenominal) of the alike(p) products remain in store How popular the product has been apply of discipline by Store ManagersInformation Elements NeededDescription of the use Which Employee sold the product to the customer Quantity of items sold to the customer Date and Time of the transaction Total Amount of money the customer paid Managers sack up mark which employees arrive at been selling the approximately. They can identify which employees make not been selling as m uch. They can provide incentives to encourage employees to get more sales Type of Product Product Brand Quantity of Product Size of Product Managers can see which products are close popular in the store. washbowl action new structures to display products in a desirable manner. Can tell employees which products to heavily advertise to customers. Can keep store stocked appropriately based on which items are most popular. Amount Paid Date of Sale Time of Sale Managers can see how much money the store is making on a daily, weekly and monthly basis. If sales are slow during received periods, management world power make a termination to lay slay some employees. If sales are strong, management might need to look at more employees.Use of Information by anxiety at homeInformation Elements NeededDescription of Use Size of Product Product Brand-Type of Product Quantity of Product sold Sales steering can assess the selective culture and understand which blurs are popular in which store locations. Knowing the popular brands they can contact the suppliers to fill goods, and estimate implementing similar brands to certain store locations. Amount Paid Time of sale Date of sale Store details Payment TypeIncome Management can look at financial success in each store. If some stores are more successful than others, they can move store managers nearly to try implement the successful tactics everywhere. Can also implement certain payment techniques if a credit card brand is popular at a specific store Promotions Type of Product Product Brand Size of Product Quantity of Product selling Management can see which products are the most popular in each store. Can create advertisements that are catered to each individual store location. Can create new store layouts to promote the popular items in store and draw customers in.3. a) What are some ways to obtain the identity element of the customer at the POS and to associate this identity with more detailed schooling abo ut the customer? b) What business actions could FastFit then take based upon this supererogatory information?Obtaining Customer IdentityAssociate this Identity with more detailed informationActions based on Information GatheredHave the customer sign up for a FastFit customer cardCustomer created personal ID that gives the store information on all the customers purchases. Store will whop what items are desirable to the customer and when they make the most purchases. FastFit can use this information to give the customer promotions towards their favorite items in the form of coupons and promotional emails. Also the store can email customer more information about their favorite brands, and suggestions of similar products the customer might like.Credit bill of fare InformationThe customers credit card gives personal information on where the customer lives and what purchases they have made in the store. The store can put up more focused advertisements in the locations where their custo mers live.Ask Customers to demand out a surveySurvey will gain information about how customers feel about the store and FastFits products. They can see if customers feel like the store has issues, and what people feel needs to be addressed with the overall company. They can recognize certain issues and address them directly. These might include changing the overall store atmosphere or the note of products inside. If customers like a certain aspect of the store, FastFit can emphasize this. possibly try and have a more diversified product flow or different advertising routine.4. Assume HQ is responsible (HQ issues orders to suppliers and determines what warehouse should deliver to stores) for replenishing inventory at the stores. a) What information (elements) are needed and how are these used to decide what (the warehouse) sends to each store? b) Where do the information elements come from? (use a table to combine the responses for a and b). c) List two reasons why we didnt have each store decide what (replenishments) to order from the warehouse?Headquarters ResponsibilitiesInformation Elements NeededSource of InformationProduct Information Type of Product (Clothing/Accessory) Product ID Sizes of the Product Product Brand Price of each Individual Product Quantity of Product needed ready reckoner checkout organization takes all of this information, as products are being purchased and returned in the store. Transaction Information Date of Sale Time of Sale Amount Paid Amount Due Types of Products being sold at the judgment of convictionComputer checkout system in store takes in this information about how much was spent at the store and at which time the most spending occurs. Also managers can see tell when the busiest measure of the day, month and year are just by observing customer patterns in the store. Customer Information Ages of customers coming into the store Which sex activity (male/female) shops most frequently at the store Which products the cus tomers are purchasing the most Where does the customer base live When do the customers purchase the most merchandiseCustomer database formed by customers that are part of the FastFit customer card club. The personal ID gives info about customers past purchases and their preferences toward certain products. Surveys customers filled out which explains age, gender and store and product preferences. Computer checkout system also records customer purchases to see what people like and how often they visit the store.Store Information Sales Promotions occurring How long the product has been in the store How umteen of the same product remain in store How popular products have been bloodline tracking database in each store keeps track of which items have not been sold. Store management and employees keep track of trends and promotional deals going on within the stores. They can also visually observe which items have been around for longer, and which items have been selling out very alertly. c. Management at HQ controls the replenishments because they can oversee all operations across all of the stores. They have the power to make calculated decision about each store that would benefit the company as a whole. If each store were to replenish the products themselves, they would only replenish what is popular at each time. HQ ensures that each store is receiving the goods that will properly sell in the location that the store is in. HQ can analyze trends on a larger scale, and implement advertising strategies and product mix based on the data trends. If replenishing were left to the individual stores, sales and profit would be lost.5. a) Draw a system diagram that shows the key information and product flows between FastFit (HQ and Warehouse) and a supplier, including the move for order and invoicing and label each flow descriptively. This diagram will have three circles. b) Compare your drawing with the diagram showing the flows that occur when a customer buys something at a (physical) store and explain why the agent is more complicated.1. HQ decides what needs to go into stores and orders the products from suppliers 2. supplier sends HQ a confirmation of the order and also sends an invoice for how much money is owed 3. Supplier sends the merchandise to the warehouse4. HQ pays the supplier for the products5. HQ contacts the warehouse and confirms that the products have been shipped and accounted for in the warehouse 6. The warehouse sends an invoice slip to HQ for property the products and sending them out as necessary 7. HQ pays the warehouse the assort amount on invoice slip1. Customer goes into store and selects an item/items to purchase2. Store receives money from customer for the purchased product3. Store records information and sends the info to HQb. The diagram above shown in the first part of problem 5 is more sophisticated than the latter diagram because it involves many more transactions. HQ must go through a vigilant decision proce ss even beforeordering the products from the supplier. After ordering the correct items, HQ must ensure that the merchandise reaches the warehouse, and then the store without any issues occurring in between. This entails that HQ pays the supplier and warehouse in time. HQ has to deal with all of the physical decision making as hearty as financial details of each transaction. HQ pulls each element together.6. Assume that FastFit headquarters receives and pays invoices from suppliers. a) How do they decide whether (i.e. which information elements does the HQ use) to pay and how much to pay? b) From where do they get the information to make this decision? (use a table to combine responses to a and b).Headquarters purpose makeInformation Elements NeededSource of Information/ DecisionPricing Information Product ID Amount of Products being bought Price of each different product Amount of products being bought each season. Which products FastFit wants to sell and (in the future) which p roducts the customers have shown interest in. Supplier would provide the hurt of each product.Decision HQ and supplier would deem on a set toll based on how much of the product FastFit would be purchasing. FastFit would want to choose and continue doing business with the supplier based on what the customers have shown interest in Warehouse Information Warehouse checks to see that complete order has arrived Checks for quality of products Checks to ensure that the correct order has arrives Records the information about received inventoryWarehouse would provide the information about the order.Decision HQ would pay the warehouse when the information gets relayed that the order was complete and correct. Warehouse and HQ would decide on a set price beforehand for each transaction that the warehouse performs. oral communication Information Date and time products are needed by How quick the delivery takes place Location of stores from warehouse LocationSupplier would set a price for the delivery of products to the warehouse. Warehouse would set a price for the delivery of products to the stores.Decision HQ would potentially try and negotiate the price for deliveries with the warehouse and supplier. If the delivery services proved to be reliable HQ would feel satisfied with the price and process. Supplier Information Where the supplier is fit(p) Reliability of supplier How quick the supplier can get the product to the warehouse Supplier provides information about their processes and how much they charge for the products.Decision HQ would pay the supplier based on how much product they are ordering and if the suppliers asking price is reasonable.

Bohemian Rhapsody Lyrics Meaning

Wow. I had no idea there were so military personnely interpretations of this metrical composition. For me its unendingly been clear the song is most an execution. Please bear with me as I construct a detailed argument for this interpretation. Heres the set-up ( each told of this is proven later) The fibber has pull murder. He might contract done this out of malice, or self-defense, or anything in between we dont k right a substance. The fact is that he extinguished someone, was caught and sentenced, and is straightway on demolition Row. The man is non an important person, so to address. He is not famous, nor rich, nor anything of the kind.He has no high-priced lawyers and no connections to help him in his plight. The narrator implies that, if he had higher(prenominal) social status, if he had money or fame or whatever, then he would stand a good chance of escaping finish. just alas, he is hardly a poor boy (aka ordinary person), and has no such power. His family and fr iends ar attending the execution (or have otherwise heard about it), and argon very(prenominal) distressed. Conversely, the family and friends of the deathlike man want revenge and they cant wait to conceive the narrator executed.The song takes cast save prior to the execution, and involves the narrator talk to (or perhaps adept thinking about) his have, alone before he plumps. If youre salve reading, you have my thanks. Heres the line-by-line analysis *We start with the narrators thoughts Is this the real flavor? Is this just illusion? *The narrator is overwhelmed by the idea that hes going to die. He almost wonders whether this is all(prenominal) a nightmare or something. Caught in a landslide, No die hard from reality Again, he feels overwhelmed, simply he cant unfeignedly deny that hes about to be killed. Open your eyes, Look up to the skies and see, Looking up to heaven, wonder about life etc. Im just a poor boy, I need no sympathy Because Im unaffixed find , easy go, Little high, shortsighted low Here he is quoting the common perspective hes just a poor man (boy), and he doesnt deserve sympathy. Much of the song is about how no one seems to complaint for the narrator, even though he seems mournful and regretful for his actions. Any way the wind blows doesnt actually military issue to me, to me Now that hes going to die, nil more matters. He has no future, no hopes or dreams or goals.Hes going to die within the hour, and theres nothing he can do about it. He feels very hopeless, and from his perspective nothing really matters. Mama, just killed a man, Put a gun against his head Pulled my trigger, now hes dead This infract is obvious. He appointted murder. I dont hes confessing to his take here, as surely she would already know by the metre of the execution. I think that hes really just sadly reflecting on what hes done, and he mentions this to his mother (or perhaps hes just thinking about her) Mama, life had just begunBut no w Ive gone and thrown it all away He was a untested man, in his 20s perhaps. He had the chance to live a meaningful life, but instead he killed a man, thus causing his own death via execution. The narrator laments, noting that he could have saved his own life by choosing not to murder. But now the deed is done, and the narrator testament baptismal font justice. Mama, ooh, Didnt mean to make you cry If Im not back again this time tomorrow carry on, carry on as if nothing really matters Again hes sorry for his actions, and regrets that his mother now weeps for him, as he will soon be killed.The execution will take model within the hour, so if hes not back again this time tomorrow, it will mean that the execution happened on schedule, that he failed to play it via pardon or other means. The narrator tells his mother that, even if he dies, she should carry on living, almost as if his death didnt matter to her. Too late, my time has come The execution is imminent. Sends shivers down my spine, bodys aching all the time These are symptoms of his thick fear. Goodbye, evrybody, Ive got to go He says a final farewell to his family and friends. Gotta leave you all behind and face the truth The truth is that he killed a man, and now he faces strict justice. He will die. Mama, ooh, I dont want to die I sometimes wish Id never been born at all This much is obvious. He doesnt want to be killed, and indeed he wonders if it would have been better never to have been born in the first place. A new voice starts singing this voice represents his friends and family who are (or have been foregoingly) protesting his execution. I see a little silhouetto of a man The narrator seems so poor and pitiful, a shadow of what he once was, so to speak Scaramouche, Scaramouche, will you do the Fandango Honestly, I dont know what this means Thunderbolt and lightning, very, very frightning me Both he and them are afraid that hell be killed. The lighting part might indicate that hes to be k illed with the electric chair, or it might just be symbolic. (Galileo. ) Galileo. (Galileo. ) Galileo, Galileo figaro Galileo was unfairly persecuted by the authorities of his time. Granted, Galileo didnt commit murder, but the narrators advocates lock draw a parallel, insisting that he doesnt deserve the punishment hes receiving. Magnifico.Im just a poor boy and nobody loves me The narrator repeats the common belief. Hes just a poor boy from a poor family Spare him his life from this monstrosity His friends and family argue that, because hes a poor boy, he deserves sympathy and compassion, not death. Easy come, easy go, will you allow me go Here the narrator pleads for his life. He basically says You dont seem to care about me Im easy come, easy go. You dont really care if I live or die. So, if you dont really care whether I live or die, cant you just let me live? Cant you return me a pardon or something? Then the opposite group, the friends and family of the dead man (and/or th e execution authorities) respond to these pleas. Bismillah No, we will not let you go The other group wants the narrator to be executed. (Let him go ) Bismillah We will not let you go (Let him go ) Bismillah We will not let you go (Let me go. ) Will not let you go (Let me go. ) Will not let you go. (Let me go. ) Ah No, no, no, no, no, no, no. The two groups have a spirited argument. (Oh mammary gland mia, mama mia. ) Mama mia, let me go Here the chorus of friends and family says let me go, but I really think they mean let him go.Dont kill the narrator match has a bother put aside for me, for me, for me Beelzebub means Satan. The narrator feels (or speculates) that Satan is out to torment him by ahead(p) him to such a sad fate. After all, it was probably a devil that tempted him to commit murder in the first place. Likewise, his family feels Satan is tormenting them as well, by killing the narrator to make them feel sad. Perhaps even the dead mans family joins in on this chorus they feel that it was Satan who told the narrator to commit murder in the first place, and now they insist that execution is the simply holy esponse to such a sin. Throughout this, the narrator has been lethargic and morose. But right before the end, he has a sudden burst of passion. So you think you can stone me and spit in my eye? So you think you can love me and leave me to die? Oh, baffle, cant do this to me, baby Just gotta get out, just gotta get right outta here Im not sure if hes talking to anyone specific here, or if hes just ranting with passion, belly laugh at everyone and everything involved. As I imagine it, the narrator throws off his guards and fights to escape from his shackles.In the ensuing musical piece, he struggles with the executioners, knocking the room into disarray. The two families observation tower closely, but everyone knows its a useless struggle theres simply no way for the narrator to escape. And the end of the musical piece, he is beaten down and in conclusion subdued. Once again he become morose and dispirited, and the executioners drag him to his place of death (electric chair, perhaps). In his last few moments before death, the narrator resumes his previous state of mind. Nothing really matters, Anyone can see Nothing really matters Nothing really matters to me Again, because hes about to die, nothing really matters to him. He has no purpose, no hope, nothing. Any way the wind blows This is an allusion to the begining of the song, where this image was used on with nothing really matters So yeah. I think thats a exquisite thorough interpretation. Bohemian Rhapsody is about a remorseful murderer as hes about to be executed. Questions? Comments? Did anybody even read all that?

Product Life Cycle Essay

Life round Hats be a crop that have become deeply incorporated in the Ameri hind end food market-gardening and flavourstyle. In the United States, hats argon nearly al shipway present in day-by-day life, from sports events (i. e. baseball games) to the streets of bare-assed York where sensation might see sight wearing hats as a fashion accessory in their all(prenominal)day life. Today, in that location are a plethora of polar styles and varieties of hats. For example, one butt end buy university hats, sports teams hats and even superhero hats, thus causing the hat industry win everyday.In this paper, I will analyze the hat industry life cycle, specifically focusing on the unfermented duration alliance, one of the well-nigh popular hat companies in the United States and worldwide. The parvenu eon tip Co. Inc. was founded in 1920 and was first known as E. Koch crown Co. Their headquarters is rigid in Buffalo, cutting York, and the CEO of the company is a memb er of the Koch family Mr. Cristopher H. Koch. The upstart earned run average top Co. has expanded globally into Canada in North the States, brazil-nut tree in South America, Korea and Japan in Asia, and to a greater extent than 40 countries in Europe.Even though hats are naked terms biggest overlap, they besides sell other harvest-homes such as jackets, tees, hoodies and many a(prenominal) cleaning kits and accessories for hats. New duration provides increases for men, women and kids of all ages, and among their most famous hat lines are the MLB, NHL, NBA, NFL and College lines. New period offers varied styles of hats such as the leadteds, which have different sizes to fit varying head sizes, and also the snapbacks, which you target adjust to the size of your head. lead MarketsNew season targets its harvest-homes towards a youngisher crowd, usually sports fans, ranging from kids as young as 15 years old to state around 35 years of age. The reason New age targe ts a younger market is because the hats are accessories generally used by younger people, and it is hard to call back peoNple older than 35 years of age wearing hats on a daily basis. In addition, there are many rappers today that wear New term hats in their music videos and at concerts. Furthermore, various athletes can be seen representing their sports teams via New geological era hats.As a result, this causes younger people who look up to these musicians and athletes to want to wear New earned run average hats. Overall, New Era does a great job at targeting their selling towards younger people. Today, the United States is the country with the biggest market which New Era sells its intersection point to. Followed by the U. S. market is the European market, which is so astronomic that it consists of more than 40 countries. However, two locally and globally, New Era always try to target the selfsame(prenominal) type of crowd. An example that supports this statement comes fr om Brazil.In Brazil, New Era is already beginning to produce hats representing popular Brazilian soccer teams, which is exactly what the Brazilian sports fans want. The 4 Ps While New Eras master(prenominal) product is undoubtedly their headwear products, the company also manufactures apparel products such as tees, jackets, hoodies, belts and also cleaning kits for hats, which scarce adds value to their products. While most of their headwear products are made with sports teams logos on the front, their apparel products focuses more on the New Era Brand rather than sports teams.Many of their t-shirts present the New Era logo on the front instead of teams logos, which is similar with their hoodies and belts. The cleaning kits for hats is a superb deal for New Era because it causes customers to buy accessories that compliment their other products. The kit also keeps the customers happy because when hats get dirty, they in spades do non look nearly as attractive, so having a cleaning product at hand is very convenient. New Eras prices extend depends greatly on the hat style, as well as whether the product is a mod arrival or whether it is a sales item.For new arrivals, the price generally crops from U$25. 00 to U$50. 00. For the snapback styles (adjustable hats), the price can range from roughly U$20. 00 to U$40. 00. However, the fitted styles (ones that are made in different sizes) can range from U$10. 00 to U$50. 00. There is also a section of superhero hats that range from approximately U$20. 00 to U$50. 00. The hats labeled as sales items range from U$10. 00 to U$35. 00. In the United States, a great percentage of the New Era products are sold online on New Eras website.The website is very easy and friendly to use, providing pictures of every single product available, making it extremely easy and convenient to leveraging New Era products online. In the US, there are also vary retail stores such as LIDS that strictly sell hats, with New Era being their most predominant cross off. In countries like Brazil and countries in Europe, there is no change store like LIDS, but there are New Era hats being sold at stores specialized in sports.In these countries, New Era also runs their own retail stores where they have all of the same styles of hats than the ones available on the website, making them ideate stores for hat lovers. Much of New Eras promotion is through with(p) through sports events to target their main public. An example of that is the fact that New Era makes the hats of all Major League Baseball teams, date also retentiveness over cc licenses to make hats for other various sports teams. New Era also sponsors major events in the sports world, such as the 13th yearbook Transworld Skateboarding Awards.Furthermore, in April of 2012, New Era became the official on-field hat supplier for the National Football League (NFL). Ultimately, New Era focuses most of its marketing and promotion efforts towards sports events where t hey are most likely to reach all of their customers, as well as potential customers, at once. Product Life Cycle New Era Cap Co. Inc. has been around since the 1920s, and their product is in the adulthood stage at the PLC. New Era already has an established crack worldwide and its sales and profits have reached a peak.Obviously, if New Era decides to open more global operations in South America or maybe Australia, they could make much more profits, but at the stage they are at right now, they reached maturity. The customers that purchase New Era hats today are the late majority, and even though New Era is always trying to come up with new designs and styles, the essence of the product remains the same. As it is normal in this stage, New Era spends a lot of its money and efforts towards marketing to try keeping the name of the imperfection growing and to attract more customers as well.As for emulation, for a product that has reached its maturity as New Era hats have, there should be more disceptation than what they have today. New Era only faces serious competition from two companies today, as we are going to find out in the coterminous section. Competition Although New Era is the leading hat company in the United States, there are other hat companies that get by against New Era for a bigger share in the market. The biggest competition New Era faces comes from the company Mitchell mantle Nostalgia Co. (known simply as Mitchell Ness) which is found in Philadelphia PA.Mitchell Ness is actually older than New Era Cap Co. Inc. , as it was founded in 1904. However, differently than New Era, Mitchell Ness does not only focus its sales on hats, but also throwback jerseys, hats, tees, fleeces, and jackets. Mitchell Ness, hitherto, competes nip and tuck against New Era because it produces hats for NBA, NHL, NFL, and NCAA, essentially the same styles as New Era. The disagreement between the two is that New Era is more known for its fitted hats, while Mi tchell Ness is more known for its snapback hats.New Era is also a much bigger company than Mitchell and Ness, with 1700 employees worldwide as compared to Mitchell Ness 200 employees in the US only. In terms of money, New Eras revenue in 2007 was U$343. 7 million, while in 2012 Mitchell & Nesss revenue was 30 million. The other strong competition New Era faces comes from a younger company called Zephyr Hats. Zephyr Hats was founded in 1993 and similarly to New Era, Zephyr hats only focuses on producing hats nothing else. Zephyr, however is a much smaller company than both New Era or Mitchell Ness, and as of now they only produce hats for the NHL and NCAA schools.Also, Zephyr has a very strong commitment to its customers to deliver the best quality product they possibly can, and to serve the customers the best they can before anything else. It will simmer down dish out a while for Zephyr Hats to expand as large as New Era or Mitchell Ness, but they are definitely on the right path towards achieving such a goal. New Era Cap Co. Inc. also faces competition against the sable market. There are many put off New Era products being produced and sold around the world, proving to be a major challenge that the company has to face. With the ncreasing popularity of the disgrace, people try to take advantage of it by producing hats that bring the New Era logo, but that are not made by the echt New Era Cap Co. Inc. Whereas some of these hedge hats may look very similar to the real ones, there are a couple of small defects on them that patron to distinguish the fake hats from the real ones. Outside of the US, especially in maturation countries like Brazil, the black market problem is huge because people can buy fake hats for a lot cheaper than what they cost in the retail stores. RecommendationsIt is true that New Era Cap has made its name globally and seems to only be growing, despite its competition and other problems, such fake production of New Era Hats. How ever, there are many ways in which they can improve their brand name and keep the brand growing. New Era is very active in the sports scene (NBA, NFL, NHL, NCAA, Skateboarding, etc., and one way in which they could improve themselves as a brand would be to promote tournaments and competition that bring the New Era name. These events can take on skateboarding competitions, street basketball tournaments, high school football tournaments, etc.This would help the name of the brand through supporting these sports and expanding their name to different groups of fans. New Era should also think about a ascendent to decrease the amount of fake New Era hats in the black market. One solution could be a promotion where every while someone purchases an authentic New Era Hat, they get a voucher with a number which they can enter on New Eras website for the chance to win a prize (ex 5 unblock New Era hats). Another promotion could be every 3 New Era Cap purchases, get 30% off the next purcha se.This would give incentive to people to buy legitimate New Era Cap products, thus increasing their revenue, improving their name brand, and stopping the circulation of fake New Era in the black market. One other passport for New Era would be to pursue licences and contracts to start making hats for soccer clubs worldwide. Just like the hats they make for MLB and NFL, New Era could and should open their brand to the Premier League (England) and other European soccer leagues. Soccer leagues are known to have very devoted fans that would be more than unforced to purchase merchandise, such as hats, if they were available in the market.

Rana Shoaib Essay

rapid change in monetary values of fuel and waste increase the issue cost, which instantly effect the buying power of consumer. ? Political instability and shortage of gas affecting the organization, production capacity depends upon the availability of gas. ? Heavy duties on import of machinery results in low gear efficiency. Economical Factors ? Playing role in sparing development by providing hundreds of jobs. ? Loses a huge amount of raw secular while mining due to poor economical infrastructure. ? Government does non pay much attention on the development of the assiduity , which rightfully affects the efficiency of covers industry.In Pakistan demographic factors like income level of people is change magnitude. ? turn of events increase due to increase in population which also results in the increase in demand of tiles in the country. ? Living standard is increasing due to decorative and innovative styles of tiles. Technological Factors ? master copy covers usage Italian manufacturing plant for producing good quality products at affordable prices. ? noble Tiles use latest technological to produce more innovative products efficiently and effectively. ? Master Tiles is using latest means of communication to communicate with customer to hold up them up to date.The PESTEL Framework Environment ? To minimize to effect of harmful gases Master Tiles is using environment friendly production plant equipped with latest technology. ? Master Tiles claims that they do not pollute the environment during the manufacturing process of the tiles. ? The wastage is managed in sophisticated manner that it does not pollute the environment. Legal ? Master Tiles is the enumerate one tile manufacturer in Pakistan, which submits the application to National Tariff bursting charge against the cast aside of Chinese tiles manufacturers. ?It strictly follows Health and Safety Laws, they protect the health of their employees integrate labour protection into operat ing structures and processes. Competitors & Market ? Sonex ? National Tiles ? merchandise Brands These be the major competitors of Master Tiles in local market solely they are far behind because of production capacity and product quality. No doubt tiles industry is growing because of increase in living standards, and Tile market has opportunities to attract new investments and expansion in the running line of descent. porters beers Five ForcesThreat of New Entrants Customer post The entree barriers in this industry are low, There are few manufacturers of tile in so in that respect is always threat of new entrance. the industry, Tiles are imported here due This industry has a growing voltage in to this the bargaining power of future, which makes it an customer is high. Moreover attractive industry to the cheap substitute Degree of contest start business are also available Few manufacturers of tiles, So in the market. degree of Rivalry is not high. There is huge demand for t iles in the market.Supplier Power Threats of substitutes fast growth in the market There are a number of If the prices of raw decrease the level of degree the suppliers in the strong increases or the rivalry. industry, Master Tiles tax rates increase people does not dependent on automatically get out switch single supplier, so the to marble tiles or chips bargaining power of floors and threats of supplier is low. substitute will increase. SWOT Analysis Strengths Master Tiles have state of the art production plant. It can produce more that 25000 Sq. / meter per day. They have a king-sized distribution network all over the Pakistan.Weaknesses Master tiles is that networking system because there whole internal communication based on networking. The maintenance and repairing of its manufacturing plant. opportunity The growing rate of construction, which increases the demand for tiles. Government imposed anti dumping duties on Chinese Tiles, which restrict Chinese manufacturers to ex port the tiles in Pakistani market with low prices. Threats Low entry barrier in the industry. ample amount of tiles supply from unorganized local manufacturers. This is a threat for decrease in market share of Master Tiles. Boston Consulting Group (BCG) intercellular substanceThreshold Competences Best Quality ceramic and Granite tiles Provide a number of Series and Sizes of tiles Capabilities for competitive Advantage Threshold Capabilities Unique Resources Tangible rural area of the Art Production Plant Intangible Innovative and Creative doer Core Competences Texture Designs Strategic Business Units (SBU) A strategic business unit (SBU) is a part of an organization for which there is a unmistakable external market for goods or services that is different from another SBU. presently Master Tiles is operating with two SBUs on the basis of might based Criteria, we can identity those as distribution channels.The following plat illustrate the concept Distributor Retailer Custome rs Master Tiles Retailer Customers outline Clock Strategic Clock Price Based Strategy (Rout 1,2) Ceramic Tile Series Wall/Floor Special (SP) (8*10) (8*12) is sing low price strategy because its perceived benefits are low. The Hybrid Strategy (Rout 4) succeeding(a) tiles are being introduced with the hybrid strategies because these products provide some benefits with low price as compared to competitors ? Granite Floor Tile Series SPM-110 (16*16) ? Ceramic Wall Tile Series Glossy/Matt EBL (10*13) ?

Reaction Report

When choosing a partner we be putting ourselves on what would be called a marketplace for relativeships. People usually will hook up with within in that location social group, nationality or social group. This is Endogamy too called in- conglutination, bespoke enjoining one to marry within ones avouch group. The penalties for transgressing endogamous restrictions have varied greatly among cultures and have ranged from goal to mild disapproval. Endogamy has been common among extant and historical aristocracies, religious groups, ethnic groups, and social classes.People who are exogamies are also called out-marriage out of certain groups. This custom is enjoining a marriage outside ones own group. Exogamy is usually defined through kinship rather than ethnicity, religion, or class. It is most common among groups that reckon descent through either the get down or the mother alone. Such lineages may in turn be grouped into clans or moieties. These are most often the locus of i nmarriage marrying a member of ones own clan or moiety typically constitutes a form of incest. Exogamy does not stock-purchase warrant hat spouses have no genetic relationship.In many exogamous cultures, cross-cousins are viewed as ideal marriage partners. In Homogamy chooses a mate whos personal and group characteristics that are similar to our own. The notion is we like throng who are like ourselves, and we tend to stay with those who carry the same personalities, interests, and ideals for the future. In terms of mate choice we do not prefer peer who carry opposites in gender roles, either a couple with an correspond definition and division of gender and depend on characteristics tend to have longer, happier unions.With heterogamy it may refer to a marriage amid two individuals that differ in a certain criterion, and is contrasted with homogamy for a marriage or union between partners that match according to that criterion. Heterogamy and homogamy are also used to describe m arriage or union between people of unlike and like sex (or gender) respectively. The last thing is The Reisss Wheel Theory of Love is another interest sociological theory proposed by Sociologist Ira Reiss and his associates.It was a theory that created research on the subject of love for decades. The Reisss Wheel Theory of Love states that there are four stages of love which are (1) rapport (2) self-revelation (3) mutual dependance and (4) spirit need fulfillment. introduce 1 people build a rapport with each other that may cause a spark. Stage 2 is the self revelation stage that helps couples grow closer. Stage 3 a couple becomes closer and more intimate to each other.Stage 4 is the last stage, if couples develop this stage they will begin to experience personality nee fulfillment. Partners will start to confide with each other. In all section communication is a key point to having a besotted open relationship. There are new listening skills, learn how to assertion and keep the relationship open and honest. Whether you use verbal or non-verbal communication to express how you feel. Communication will bill build a stronger relation ship.

Marketing Paper Final Exam Essay

Final Paper Marketing encompasses the labyrinthian cycle of every constitute of a intersection point, from conception to the final sales agreement and everything in between. Marketers atomic number 18 challenged with identifying the consumers needs/wants and managing the process to meet those needs. every(prenominal) harvest a seller develops goes through four dos in its life, The Product feel Cycle. Each stage of the proceeds life cycle (Introduction, Growth, Maturity, and Dec g everyplacenment note) have uncommon characteristics that a marketer faces as they create utility and try to concord or grow their market shargon.Through each stage advertisement is critical and marketers try to inform, persuade and remind consumers around their product. The difference is the commence and focus of the publicise. Every product that comes to market enters into the Introduction gunpoint. This is the stage where consumers ar first introduced to the product. During the introdu ctory stage of the product life cycle, a faithful works to stimulate demand for the fresh market entry. (Boone & Kurtz, 2006, p. 371) A marketer must connect with consumers to create a market for the parvenu product. Every year hundreds of new products enter the introductory stage.Currently a product that is just beginning to take hold is high-definition televisions (HDTVs). HDTVs broadcast pictures with increased lucidness and give the viewer (consumer) options on camera angles and additional information. Currently, Yankee free radical estimates that 15 part of American households now own (a HDTV), with Forrester estimating 10 percent at most. (Crawford, 2005) During the introductory stage, marketers are trying to introduce the product to consumers. atomic number 53 of the ways marketers succeed is in offering promotions or discounts to distributors to get the product in the marketplace.Most of the advertising focuses on informing the public about the new product. While inf ormation is key, advertisers also try to persuade consumers to purchase the product and often generation remind consumers where they can find the product. The canonical stage is where all products start. It is in this early stage that products are lissom hatefuld on consumer and distribution feedback. Often times the numbers of marketers are minimal in the introductory stage as the market is world developed. As a product finds its market and begins to gain acceptance, it moves into the Growth dot of the product life cycle.The growth stage is where a product sees its sales volumes increase dramatically. At this stage in the products life, new customers make initial purchases and early buyers repurchase. (Boone & Kurtz, 2006, p. 372) Early marketers find increased aspiration as their competitors enter the product space to share in the lettuce. artificial send television has entered into the growth market with the advent of the small dish. Early satellite television was mai nly limited to rural areas that were inaccessible to cable television. The dishes were bad and unattractive.As the technology has advances and the satellite dish has shrunk to less then xxiv inches, consumers have rushed to the alternative to cable television. Satellite television marketers are continuing to refine their product in this growth stage. Recently, the top devil providers of satellite television signed deals to provide affordable high-speed earnings service. For satellite-TV providers, the service is another way to offer a full line of products. (AP, 2006) The growth stage is where marketers move from a heavy focus on information in advertising to a more coaxing approach.The persuasive approach allows the marketers to differentiate from competitors and encourage individuals to not be left behind. If the product space attracts multiple marketers, pricing, features and other differentiators are used in the advertising to help marketers gain or maintain market share. The Growth Stage of the product life cycle is complex and changing. Marketers rely on word-of-mouth, voltaic pile advertising and falling prices to sustain the momentum and interest in the product. The purpose of the growth stage is to get reluctant buyers to buy and current customers to repurchase.As a product be ons and growth stabilizes, the product moves in the Maturity Stage. gross sales start to plateau and supply exceeds demand for the first time in the products life cycle. Competing marketers have flooded the field and profits begin to develop depressed. All of these factors create pressure on marketers to continue their brands sustainability. Carbonated fluffy draws are a very mature product. According to the American drinking Association (ABA) the beginnings of the modern soda started in the 1830s. (ABA, 2006) The ABA estimates that there are over 450 brands in the product space.The number of brands creates fierce competition for Americans 65 billion in annual purch ases. Adverting in the mature stage of a products life is all about change magnitude purchases, differentiating your brand and finding new uses or markets for the product. In the soft drink space marketers try celebrity endorsements and product differentiation. 7-UP is the un-cola, trying to draw its promissory note among more popular cola brands. Whatever approach the marketer takes in advertising, the goal is to extend the adulthood stage and maintain profits for as long as possible.A product in the mature stage of the product life cycle does not indicate imminent demise. As illustrated above, soft drinks continue to command consumers dollars. Marketers will often vista to new markets and changes in the product to extend the life of the product. One of the largest struggles for mature products is maintaining profits as competition drives down prices. As the product leaves maturity it enters the Decline Stage in the Product life cycle. A products worsen is most often linked to new technologies. Marketers focus on reminding the be customers in the market that they are there for the consumers needs.Sales decline, profits decline and the product space eventually looses money. VCRs are a product on the decline in the United States. With the advance of DVDs and the reduction in price of DVRs, VCRs are loosing shelf space and market share. Marketers often times search for new markets as products decline in their existing markets. So while the United States and Europe may transition to a new technology, emerging economies may embrace the older and cheaper technology, thus extending the products life. Advertising a product in the stage of decline focuses on reminding the remaining consumer base the product still exists.

Mod 5 Sg

STUDY GUIDE MODULE 5 Harbin Chapter 14 How did Rehoboam grapple to lose approximately of his top executivedom? He refused to cut taxes and thr tuckeren to wage increase them. Why is Asa viewed as a good king but abandoned a mixed review? His lack of faith in idol to assist with attack on Baasha in Northern land. How did Jehoshaphat show pietism on the one hand but political naivete on the other? He went thru the country removing pagan shrines and sent teachers in the dirt teaching the law. he was judged for helping the wicked. What is almost memorable approximately Athaliah?She proceeded to assassinate off rest of males in the royal family so that she could rule. How did Joash bring look forward to to the Southern Kingdom? What did he do that caused him to be assassinated? by repairing the synagogue restoring the worship and sacrificial system. He ordered , matinee idols prophet Zechariah to be stoned to death on the temple grounds. His heart was turned outside from God. In what way did Uzziah demonstrate spiritual foolishness? What were the consequences? He went into the temple to burn incense, something only the priest could do.Cause he didnt listen, God struck him with leprosy. What is most memorable about Ahaz? Ahaz turned away from YHWH, he served the pagan deitys, including Baal, fifty-fifty performed child sacrifices. He promoted the spiritual revival. Comp are and contrast Hezekiah with his father, Ahaz, and with David. he was viewed as one of the worst kings in the Southern Kingdom. Hezekiah trusted in the Lord, God of Isreal. What was the fictitious character of Isaiah in the Southern Kingdom? Prophet and historian What severalise prophecies did the prophets of this plosive speech sound give regarding the Messiah? st anticipation of the birth of the Messiah 2ndthe handmaid songs the Messiahs bearing the sins of His mountain 3rd which Jesus would later look at in the synagogue in Nazareth. What is most memorable about Manasseh? He had the yap tree where Isaiah hid sawn down with Isaiah inside. His acts of apostasy In what ways was Josiah the last hope for the Southern Kingdom? Josiahs returning the ark of the covenant to the temple Trace the castigate and chance on of the Southern Kingdom. the death of Josiah Describe the different ways by which Jeremiah tried to convey his message to the plenty. burying a linen waistband near the Euphrates River to signify the ban watching a potter create a flawed item, illustrating how God would remark the nation breaking a large pot before the leadership, demonstrating how God would destroy the Southern Kingdom redeeming a piece of land, showing confidence that God would perserve the people even thru exile remaining single because of the anticipated hard clock and wearing a yoke to symbolize upcomming bondage. Why was Lamentations written? cerebrate on city of Jerusalem and its destruction. Chapter 15 What are some reasons that the Exile was not as sever e as it might have been? or so of the people listened to the prophets People followed Gods instruction the design of the exile was partial penalisation Summarize both the incidents and the visions recorded in the curb of Daniel. 1. The account of Daniel and his friends declining to eat Babylonian food 2. Daniel request for stay of execution to interpret the kings dream. 3. The firery furnance 4. Daniel in the lions denVision of 4 beasts that paralled the 4 metals of the statue & what happened to Daniels people in the future. Daniel was given information about the Messiah. What is apocalyptic literature, and how is it different from prophetic literature? serves to show Gods s everyplaceeignty over the future. Rich in the use of symbols. focused on what God is personnel casualty to do. serve to show Gods soverign control over history. is oriented toward the audience receiving the message. What makes the disk of Ezekiel distinctive? It was written in Babylon, it was accepted by Is realites who devoutly believed in God. What is the significance of Esther? she outwitted Haman and saved her people.Before reading chs. 1617 in Harbin, read Hindson, ch. 12 and take detailed notes. Harbin Chapter 16 What was the function of Haggai? Prophet to jack off the temple rebuilt How was Zechariahs ministry different from that of Haggai, his contemporary? He focused more than on future issues. message was more apocalyptic What was Ezras quality in the return? The proposal of foreign wives be divorced and returned to their theater land. How did Nehemiah help the struggling partnership in Jerusalem? they were able to march on the walls in fifty-two days What is the significance of Malachi? bring the word of god to people of Israel Chapter 17 Why did the OT canon end with Malachi?The Jewish community came to the conclusion that God had nothing more to say to them. What is the Apocrypha, and how was it viewed by the Jews at the time of Jesus? hidden/ secret. The collection of books that is comprise between the OT and NT in some Bibles, scripture What is the Mishnah? How is it different from the Talmud? Why are they important? overly Mishna (mishn? ) n. Judaism The first section of the Talmud, being a collection of primaeval oral interpretations of the scriptures as compiled about A. D. 200. the mishnah is a part of the juwish costom and belief. Repitition. teaching/ knowledge Gemarah-meaning completion, the learning of oral teaching. hey were interpretive translation of the Hebrew text knowing to make the text more understandable to Jews who did not read Hebrew. What are Pseudepigrapha? Pseudepigrapha Gr. ,=things falsely ascribed, a collection of early Jewish and some Jewish-Christian books composed between c. 200 BC and c. AD 200, not found in the Bible or rabbinic writings. How did the Sadducees develop? traditionalist were those who followed their roots. -from a Hellenization movement sometime after the Maccabean revolt How did the Pharisees develop? Spending on time, a political party, a social movement, and a school of intellection among Jews that flourished during the Second Temple. Who were the Essenes, and why are they important? embers of an Jewish sect of the maiden century BC and the 1st century AD. They lived on the western bring of the Dead Sea and wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls. At that time, there were 4 schools of Judaism Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes, and Zealots Referred to as sons of Zadok. meaning holiness Who were the scribes, and what role did they play in Judean conjunction? professional title. a generic term that could include both Pharisees and Sadducees. Their role was to copy the Law, to read it, and then to interpret it to the people. Trace the rise and transfer of Alexander the Great. What happened to Alexanders empire after his death? It was divide amoung his 4 generalsWho were the Ptolemies and the Seleucids, and why are they important? The Ptolemies were very boffo and managed to arrive a large part of the Seleucid Empire, including all of Syria, before local problems called Ptolemy III. tranquillity was established during the marriage of Philadelphus daughter to AntichusII of Syria Who were the Maccabees, and what did they do for Judea? The Maccabees were a family that fought a successful rebellion against the Syrian invaders who attempted to force all Jews into becoming Hellenized. were a Jewish rebel army who took control of Judea, How did Herod, an Edomite, become king of Judea? He was the son of Antipater, n Edomite, who married the daughter of a politically influential family. Herod divorced his wife Doris and married Mariame, a Jewish daughter of the influential priestly Hasmonean family. How did Rome make Judea part of the Roman Empire? because of its troubles, in 6CE it ceased being a client nation and became a Roman province. The book of the Law was rediscovered during the reign of JOSIAH The book of Habakkuk predicts the Babylonian conquest. TRUE Acco rding to Hindson Nebuchadnezzar was your regular autocratic egomaniac that was corrupted by power that he eventually illogical his mind. TRUE Asa is seems as basically spiritually weak and an evil king of Judah.False Jeremiah advised the king to fight the Babylonians to the last man False What is most memorable about Manessah according to Harbin? He is considered to be the worst king of the southern kingdom. A key theme of the book of Isiah is NOT takings Joash was assassinated in response to his having Zechariah stoned to death. TRUE Around 538 or 539 BC Persian King Cyruis issued a decree allowing all imprisoned peoples to return to their native lands. TRUE According to the text The exile could not have been any more severve than what it was False During the reign of Hezekiah the angel of YHWH killed how some(prenominal) Assryian soldiers outside the walls of Jerusalem? 185,000 Often Jeremiah tried to convey his message to the people by via acts of role-playing.TRUE Per Harb in, Nebuchadnezzar destroyed the temple in Jerusalem in 586 BC TRUE Why was Lamentations written? To express the sorrow at the fall and destruction of Jerusalem. The term branch as used by Isiah and Jeremiah express that the Messiah would be from the line of David. True Rehoboam managed to lose most of his kingdom in part due to a tax revolt that he failed to properly settle. True. Joash brought hope to the Southern Kingdom by repairing the Temple. TRUE What kep prophecies did the prophets of this period give regarding the Messiah? All of the above. One of the most memorable things about Ahaz was his closing of the Temple and his worshipping the gods of Damascus. TRUE Isiah was commissioned as a prophet the year Uzziah died? TRUE

Listening to Rap: Cultures of Crime, Cultures of Resistance

comprehend to cut off husbandrys of offense, endings of Resistance Julian Tanner, University of Toronto Mark Asbridge, Dalhousie University Scot Wortley, University of Toronto This query comp bes representations of pick a circumstances melody with the self- opused criminal behavior and resistive artirudes of the practice of medicines nerve center audience. Our database is a large pattern of Toronro high-pitched up give lessons studenrs (n = 3,393) from which we identify a as soma of tryers, whose combination of symphonyal likes and dislikes distinguish them as misfortune univores.We indeed try the relationship between their heathen gustatory modality for hit unison and matter in a culture of abhorrence and their perceptions of favorable injustice and in right. We pay back thar the bang univores, similarly kn let as urban euphony enthusiasts, report pro embedly a lot delinquent behavior and tenderer feelings of inequity and injustice than take hee ders with new(prenominal) melodic tastes. However, we also mold thar the nature and strengths of those relationships vary according to rhe racial identity of different stems within urban medical specialty enthusiasts.B lack and face cloth sub comp boths queue themselves with oppositeness representations plot Asiatics do non neats and Asiatics report significant involvement in aversion and unrighteousness, while subduedens do non. Fin ally, we discuss our findings in light of enquiry on media effects and audience reception, younker subcultures and post-sub heathen analysis, and the sociology of heathen uptake. Thinking Ab forth strike The emergence and spectacular growth of shock is probably the most weighty development in frequent harmony since the rise of rock n roll in the late 1940s.Radio airplay, euphony video programming and sales figures argon obvious testimonies to its popularplaceity and commercial success. This was do particularly evident in O ctober 2003 when, according to the record industry sacred scripture Billboard mzgnzme, all top 10 acts in the get together States were whang or whack artists and again in 2006, when the Academy award for scoop out Song went to Its unexpressed Out Here for a Pimp, a solicit poem by the free radical Husde & Flow. Such developments whitethorn also polarity bugs increase social acceptance and ethnic legitimization (Baumann 2007). However, its reputation and attitude in the tuneful field has, hitherto, been a contr oversial 1.Like new medical specialty before it (jazz, rock n roll), belt ammunition has been critically reviewed as a sulfurous turn on callow and impressionable listeners (Best 1990 Tatum 1999 Tanner 2001 Sacco and Kennedy 2002 moro canvasn lovage 2003). Whether belt ammunition has been reviled as much as jazz and rock n roll originly were is a moot point rather more than certain is its pre-eminent region as a problematic modern-day melodiou s melodic style. Direct counterbalance to Julian Tanner, Department of genial Science University of Toronto at Scarborough, 1265Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada, MIC 1A4. Telephone (416) 287-7293. netmail Julian. emailprotected ca. rh8 Uniiersily of sum Carolina cut Social Forces 88121 693-722, December 2009 694 Social Forces 88(2) In an important study of representations of popular music. Binder (1993) examined how print journalists wrote about shock and obtuse metal in the 1980s and 1990s. While twain atomic number 18 devalue music genres (Roe 1995), she nevertheless contends that they argon close in differently the presumed harmful effects of baleful metal be limited to the listeners themselves, whereas ping is seen as more socially modify (for a alike distinction, see Rose 1994).The lyrical contented of the 2 genres is established as one source of this differential flesh rap lyrics argon gear up to be more explicit and charged (greater usage of hard swear words, for example) than strained metal lyrics. The second cipher involves assumptions made (by journalists) about the racial composition of audiences for heavy metal and rap-the former believed to be white suburban juvenility, the latter urban black youth. agree to Binder, rap invites more public concern and censorious complaint than heavy metal because of what was assumed to be its largely black fan base.At the same time, she identifies an important counter ar electron orbit, one chemical element of which elevates rap ( nevertheless non heavy metal) to the status of an art form with serious political content. In both the mainstream press (i. e.. The New York Times) and publications tar countenanceing a predominately black readership (i. e.. Ebony and/i), she finds rap lauded for the salutary lessons that it imparts to black youth regarding the realities of urban living likewise, rap artists be applauded for their importance as role models and mentors to inner -city black youth.Thus, while rap has been chthonic(a)framed invalidatingly, as a contributor to an array of social problems, disgust and guilt in particular, it has also been celebrated and championed as an certain expression of cultural enemy by underdogs against racial exploitation and disadvantage. How these differing representations of rap qualification tickle with audience parts was not part of Binders search mandate. Furthermore, while she does acknowledge that ournalistic perceptions of the racial composition of the rap audience be not necessarily accurate-that more white suburban youth, even in the 1980s and 1990s, might shake been consuming the music than black inner-city youth-this acknowledgment does not alter her opening move or her seam. At this point in time, when the hearing audience for rap music has both expanded and become increasingly diverse, our question concerns how new-made black, white and Asian rap fans in Toronto, Canada relate to a me lodic form still viewed primarily in marges of its criminal and resistant meanings. questioning water tap Much of the early work on audiences preoccupied itself with study the harmful effects of media vulnerability, especially the effects of depictions of violence in movies and TV on real life criminal events. Results confine commonly been inconclusive, with enormous disagreement in the social science research community regarding the influence of the media on those watching the large ot minor screen (Curran 1990 Abercrombie and Longhurst 1998 Freedman 2002 Sacco and Kennedy 2002 Alexander 2003 Newman 2004 Savage 2004 Longhurst 2007). Listening to solicit 695Listening to popular music has, on occasion, been said to produce kindredly negative effects, although these too hasten prove difficult to verify. For example, in one high profile case in the 1980s, the heavy metal band Judas Priest was accused of producing put down bodily (songs) that contained subliminal messagi ng diat led to the suicides of two fans. This claim was not, however, judicially formalise because the judge hearing the case remained unconvinced about a causal linkage between the music and the self-destructive behavior of two individuals (Walser 1993). unfaltering arguments for the ill effects of media consumption rest on the assumption that audiences are easily and direcdy influenced by the media, with frequent analogies made to hypodermic syringes that inject meanss into naif and homogenous audiences (Abercrombie and Longhurst 1998 Alexander 2003 Longhurst 2007). In contesting this view of audience passivity, critics also visualize that texts are open to more than one interpretation. Again, TV udiences take on been analyze more frequently than audiences for popular music, although research on the latter has illustrated how song lyrics are not necessarily construed the same way by adolescents and adults. Research conducted by Prinsky and Rosenbaum (1987) denominates that songs identified by adults as containing aberrant content (references to sex, violence, alcoholic beverage and drug use, Satanism) were not similarly categorized by adolescents.Evidence that thither are diflferent ways of watching television or listening to recorded music has led to an alternative conception of audiences-one more concerned with what audiences do with the media than what the media does to audiences. The development within communications research of the uses and gratifications model (McQuail 1984) is one result, with TV once more the media form most commonly investigated.Nonetheless, a a few(prenominal) studies postulate documented how upstart mountain listen to popular music in order to satisfy needs for entertainment and relaxation (among different(a) priorities), and utilize it as an accompaniment to different(a) e realday activities, such as homework and household chores (Roe 1985 Prinsky and Rosenbaum 1987). More late(a) research has added identity gr ammatical construction as a need that popular music might gormandize for young listeners (Roe 1999 Gracyk 2001 Laughey 2006).One particular usage emphasized by British cultural Marxists associated with the now defunct Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies has cerebrate attention on how active media audiences counter preponderating cultural messages in their consumption of popular culture. In what has, by now, become a old(prenominal) story, a serial of music-based, post-war youth cultures (Teddy Boys, Mods, Rockers, Skinheads, Punks) in the United Kingdom halt been represented as symbolically resisting the dominant normative order (Hall and Jefferson 1976 Hebdige 1979).This argument has, however, relied on a reading of cultural texts and artifacts for its evidentiary base, rather than observations of, or information from, subcultural participants themselves (Cohen 1980 Frith 1985 Tanner 2001 Bennett 2002 Alexander 2003). 696 Social Forces 8S(2) More recently, th e utility of the term subculture for understanding young slews collective involvements in music has been questioned. The focus of this disapproval is, once again, the Birmingham train and its conceptualization of subculture. Its critics argue that, nder conditions of post modernity, music audiences watch a bun in the oven fragmented, and young race are no womb-to-tomb participants in characteristic subcultural conventions (Bennett 1999b Muggleton 2000). Instead of subcultures, they are now involved vith neo tribes and scenes (i. e. , Bennett 1999b Bennett and Kahn-Harris 2004 Hesmondhalgh 2005 Longhurst 2007 Hodkinson 2008). send subcultural research has been much less inclined than the Birmingham era researchers to decode and decipher texts, and much more likely to engage in ethnographic studies of music and youth collections (Bennett 2002).However, while there has been occasional work on modes of (female) resistance in the tween scene (Lowe 2004) and riot girrrl scene ( Schily 2004), there has been no kindred research on rap scenes and resistance. Examinations of audience receptions of rap are not numerous and oblige been of two main kinds a few studies have explored how young community perceive and prise the music, while separates have examine the harmful effects of rap by trying to link consumption of the music with various negative consequences.An early study by Kuwahara (1992) finds rap to be more popular with black than white college students, and more popular among males than females. However, reasons for like the music varied little by hightail it, with both black and white audience members prioritizing the beat over the message. A more recent study by Sullivan (2003) reports few racial differences in care the music, although black teenagers were more committed to the genre and more likely to view rap as life affirming (Berry 1994) than those from early(a) racial place settings.In a small but important study conducted in Californi a, Mahiri and Connor (2003) investigated 41 black spirit school students perceptions of violence and thoughts about rap music. In focus concourse sessions and face-to-face interviews, informants revealed a strong lust for rap music, valuing the fact that it stave to their e preciseday concerns about growing up in a mischievously resourced community. They did not, however, like the way that rap music on occasion (mis)represented the experiences of black citizenry in the United States.They challenged the misogyny evident in round rap videos and rejected what they saw as the glamorization of violence. Overall, their critical and nuanced usage with rap music buy the farmted poorly with depictions of media audiences as easily swayed by popular culture (Sacco 2005). The search for the harmful effects of rap music has yielded no more definitive results than earlier quests for media effects.While some studies report point of increased violence, delinquency, substance use, and unsa fe sexual activity resulting from young peoples exposure to rap music (Wingood et al. 2003 Chen et al. 2006), other researchers have failed to find such a link or have exercised extreme caution when interpret ap conjure links. One review of the literature, conducted in the 1990s, could find a keep down of only nine investigations-all of them Listening to Rap 697 mall-scale, none involving the general adolescent population-and concluded that there was an even split hetween those that found some sort of an association between exposure to the music and various unnatural or undesirable outcomes, and those that could find no connection at all Moreover, in those studies where the music and the wrongdoing were linked, investigators were very circumspect about whether or not they were observing a causal relationship, and if so, which came premier(prenominal), the music or the violent tendencys (Tatum 1999). A mote recent investigation conducted in Montreal is illustrative of such int erpretative problems.While a preference for rap was found to predict deviant behavior among 348 Frenchspeaking adolescents, causal ordering could not be established, nor an additional opening night ruled out that other factors might be responsible for both the musical taste and the deviant behavior (Miranda and Claes 2004). The notion that rap is or can be represented as cultural resistance-the counter frame identified by Binder-has become increasingly prominent in the rap literature over the past 20 years (Rose 1994 Krims 2000 Keyes 2002 Quinn 2005). In his potent book.Why unobjectionable Kids Love Hip hop Wankstas, Wiggers, Wannabes, and the new humans of ladder in America, Kitwana (2005) expounds at length on his emancipatory view of raps history and development. Kitwana sees knock as a form of protest music, offering its listeners a message ofresistance. He also makes the additional claim that the resistive appeal of hip-hop is not restricted to black youth. Indeed, as the tide of his book suggests, he is patticularly participationed in the patronage of rap music by white youth, those young people who might be seen as the contemporary equivalents of Mailers White Negro or Keys Negro Wannabes. (Keyes 2002250) In his view, the global diffusion of rap rests on the musics capacity for resonating with the experiences ofthe downtrodden and marginalized in a variety of cultural contexts. Quinn (2005) similarly explains the crossover appeal of gangsta rap in the United States in call ofthe common sensibilities and insecurities shated by post Fordist youth. She continues umteen young whites, face up bleak labor market prospects, were also eager for stories about immobile money and authentic belonging to ward off a travel palpate of placelessness and dispossession. (Quinn 200585-86) Thus, raps appeal is as much about mark as it is about race. Nor is the resistive view of rap restricted to the North American continent. At least one French study-conduct ed in advance ofthe riots in the fall of 2005 -has noted how French Rap has become the music of prime(prenominal) for young people of visible minority descent who have fully grown up in the suburban ghettos (Les Cities) of major cities. They have been routinely expose to police harassment on the streets, subjected to prejudice and discrimination at school, and struggled to find decent housing and appropriate jobs (Bouchier 1999, cited in Miranda and Claes 2004).The idea that popular music might serve as an important reference point for refractory or resistive adolescents is not a new one. As we have already noted, this is how a British school of subcultural analysis once interpreted the cultural activity of wotking-class youth in the United Kingdom (Hall and Jefferson 1976 Hebdige 698 Social Forces 88(2) 1979). Some attempt has been made to understand rap fandom in similar terms. Bennetts (1999a) ethnographic study, set in Newcastle, reveals how one group of white rappers cons true the racial politics of blacks into the language of class divisions in the United Kingdom.However, for the most part there has been limited application of this kind of analysis to young peoples involvement with rap music. Rap scholars who construe the music as an authentic expression of cultural resistance directed against exploitation and disadvantages at school, on the streets, or in the labor market, do so primarily without much input from the young people who make up its listening audience. Because they have not often been canvassed for their views about the music, we do not know to what full point they share in or identify with the message of resistance quick ound in content analysis of the rap idiom (Martinez 1997 Negus 1997 Krims 2000 Stephens and Wright 2000 Bennett 2001 Sullivan 2003 Kubrin 2005 Quinn 2005 Lena 2006). Thus contemporary rap scholarship follows British subcultural theory in gleaning evidence of resistance from the texts, not the audience. Resistance is sought, and found, in the words and music rather than in the activities and ideologies of subcultures or audience members. We can suggest, echoing Alexanders (2003) earlier critique of British cultural studies, that the audience for rap music has been theorized rather more good than it has been investigated.The Present cogitation The present study is concerned with three key questions First, is there a relationship between audiences for rap and representations of the music? Second, as compared to other listening audiences, are serious rap fans participants in cultures of crime and resistance? Third, if such a link is found, what are the sources of variation in their community in these cultures of crime and resistance? The need to address these questions, as we see it, emerges from several limitations in the existing research on rap.These limitations are as follows First, there is a significant disjuncture between dominant representations of the music as a source of social harms an d evidence unambiguously supportive of this proposition. Second, the case for a resistant view of rap music is usually advanced, as we have already intimated, by examination of the designs and intentions of musical creators, both artists and producers, as well as music critics. We do not know whether or not resistant messages register and resonate with those who listen to the music.Third, we do not have an accurate gauging of the sociodemographic composition, particularly racial and heathen, of the audience for rap music. Raps dominance of the youth market is widely understood as a crossover effect-the original black audience now linked by legions of white fans (Spiegler 1996 Yousman 2003). However, purchasing habits-the usual arbiter for claims about raps increasing popularity with white consumers-may not be an entirely reliable measure of to each one(prenominal) raps popularity or racial and ethnic variations therein (Krims 2000 Quinn 2005).The system devised by the recordin g industry to gauge record Listening to Rap 699 sales-Nielson Soundscape-does not play data on the race, or indeed some(prenominal) other someoneal characteristic, of purchasers. What it does do is categorize sales in terms of whether they were made in retail stores in high-income locations or in lowincome locations. Record companies, journalists or academics then choose to equate those high-income sales with white suburban youth, and low-income sales with inner-city black youth, but are doing so without any direct measures of the racial background or identity of buyers (Kitwana 2005).Moreover, it has been argued that sales figures under represent the taste preferences of the poor. (Quinn 200583) As Rose (1994) explains it, in the black community, particularly in impoverished neighborhoods, many more rap CDs are listened to than bought-a single purchase organism passed on from one fan to some other(prenominal). Similarly, homemade tapes and bootleg CDs are often produced and shared out within local fan networks.The implications of this point are clear plentiful the appropriation of rap music by suburban white teens might not be as extensive as is commonly supposed. Finally, we do not know whether or how the rap audience relates to the dominant frame of the music as a catalyst for crime and delinquency or to the counter frame of the music as an articulator of social inequity. The mainstreaming of rap may have cost the genre its underground or counter-culture status as protest music, or made it less attractive to delinquent rebels.Rap also may play no part in crime or resistance subcultures because, under post modern conditions, young people have become increasingly eclectic and individualized in their musical tastes the close relationship between musical tastes and lifestyles, implied by subcultural theory, no longer applies. On this formulation, wherefore, we would not expect to find strong connections between a preference for rap music and subculture s of crime and subcultures of resistance. On the other hand, reasons for accept that rap music may be a basis for subcultural lifestyles, at least among black youth, are more compelling.At the time that we were conducting our research there was considerable look at, in the local media and among local politicians, about issues involving race and crime-racial profiling and the desirability of collecting race-based crime statistics, for example. Contributing to this debate were findings from another study, confirming what black youths in Canada have always suspected, namely that they are much more likely to be arbitrarily stopped and searched by police officers than are members of other racial and ethnic groups-even when their own self-repotted deviant activity is statistically controlled for (Wordey and Tanner 2005).In addition, contemporaneous research on the media coverage of race and crime in Toronto newspapers carried out by Wortley (2002), found black people disproportionately portrayed in a delineate range of roles and activities (principally those involving crime, sports and entertainment) than members of other racial and ethnic groups and when featured in crime stories, depicted primarily as offenders. Capricious policing and media misrepresentation may therefore contribute to a spirit of injustice among black youth, a sense of injustice that has them gravitating to rap as an emblem of cultural resistance. 00 Social Forces SS2) commercial success and artistic valorization has not diminished rap musics capacity to get up clean-living panic. The music is still seen as threatening, dangerous and socially damaging by many political figures and established authority. Previous research suggests that negative media coverage ofthe cultural preferences and practices of adolescents often intensifies subcultural identifications (Cohen 1973 Fine and Kleinman 1979 Thornton 1995). Rap based moral panics may therefore tighten connections between the music and d elinquent lifestyles and/or resistive attitudes and behaviors.The lack of attention paid to raps consumers renders these questions relatively open ones, the meaning of rap music still to be discovered. Methods Whereas most contemporary research on rap focuses on those who create the music-artists and producers, and those who write about it, music critics-we pose questions about raps audience. Further, while audience studies usually employ soft data-gathering techniques (for example, Morley 1980 Radway 1984 Shively 1992), we use the methods of assess research. We are more concerned with how audience members move with the music than with the issue of cause and effect.We are interested in how music might be used as a resource in their everyday lives (Willis 1990 DeNora 2000), how it might contribute to identity formation (Roe 1999) and, especially, how audiences might align themselves with (or distance themselves from) cultures of crime and resistance. Nonetheless, in our analyses, we treat rap fandom as a dependent variable. While there is considerable academic and public debate about whether music produces or is a product of cultural activities, legal or otherwise, existing research has failed to provide a compelling or consistent rationale for any particular causal logic.As we have seen, the idea that exposure to rap music causes crime is not unambiguously supported in the research literature. Research on resistant youth cultures, by contrast, is much more likely to reverse the relationship and see musical style as a result of subcultural activity (Willis 1978 Hebdige 1979). Hebdige, for example, infers that seamy rock in the United Kingdom was a cultural resolution to the subordination of existing working-class youth groups. Laing (1985) has countered that chintzy the musical genre existed before punk the subculture.In the absence of agreement about the bearing of the relationship between musical taste and cultural practices, our decision to operatio nalize rap appreciation as a dependent variable is made more for pragmatic, heuristic reasons than unassailable theoretical ones. Our strategy is to focus on listening preferences rather than purchasing habits. By asking students to report on and evaluate the music that they like, dislike and in what combinations, we gain a clearer and more exposit picture of where rap is situated in the consumption patterns of groups of students differentiated by, among other factors, their racial identity.Our goals are to (1. distinguish students with a serious, exclusive taste for rap from more casual fans (2. to calculate the Listening to Rap 701 size and racial makeup of rap musics prime audience and (3. to map relationships between that core audience and resistant and delinquent repertoires. Few surveys of general populations of young people have established any kind of connection between rap and deviancy, net of other factors. We contend that raps reputation as a blistering force is valida ted by that linkage, and that without it that representation becomes more ontestable. A similar logic applies to the relationship between rap and social protest. The claim that the music carries a serious message-that it is an expression of resistant values and perceptions-is substantiated with evidence of a link between the music and a collective sense of inequity, and shortened by its absence. Data The data for this research are drawn from the Toronto young abuse and Victimization Study, a stratified cross-sectional survey of Toronto adolescents carried out from 1998 through with(predicate) 2000 (Tanner and Wordey 2002).Self-administered questionnaires were completed by 3,393 Toronto students ages 13-18, from 30 Metropolitan Toronto high schools in both die Cadiolic (10 schools) and larger Public School (20 schools) systems. Within each school, one class from each grade, 9 (ages 13 and 14) through 13 (ages 18 and 19), was randomly selected. The overall response rate was 83 per cent (83. 4% for Catholic vs. 83. 1% for public schools), and is a conservative envision as it was based on the number of students enrolled in each class rather than those present the day of the study.Informed consent was given for participation in the study. Surveys were completed during class under the supervision of a member of the research team (and without a teacher present) and took approximately 45 minutes to complete. The survey asked young people about a broad range of topics, including family life, educational experiences, vacant activities, delinquent involvement, victimization experiences and so forth. The survey dick was designed by members of the research team and evolved out of a series of 11 focus groups with adolescents in Toronto schools.The completed survey was reviewed by a series of institutional ethics boards, including those at the University of Toronto, the Toronto Public School placard and the Catholic School Board. As the survey does not include high s chool dropouts, institutionalized youth and street youth, it is a school sample and thus any generalizations speak only to the experiences of school-based adolescents. Our sample is ethnically and racially diverse and is representative of the Metropolitan Toronto high school population. Measures medical specialtyal Preferences point by Bourdieus work (1984) and Petersons recasting of musical taste in terms of omnivorous and univorous patterns (1992), we focus our attention on 702 Social Forces 88(2 how musical choices are combined if young people wish (or disliked) one style or genre, what other styles or genres did they like or dislike (what train Eijck 2001 has referred to as combinatorial logic). Indicators of musical taste were derived from the question How much do you like each of the succeeding(a) types of music? Respondents were then asked to evaluate each of 11 contempotary musical genres Soul, Rhythm and Blues, Jazz, Hip/Hop and Rap, Reggae and Dance Hall, Greco-Roman and Opera, Country and New Country, Pop, Alternative (including Punk, Grunge), Heavy Metal (Hard Rock), Ethnic medicinal drug (traditional/ cultural), and Techno (Dance). practice of medicineal tastes were assessed on a five-point Likert scale that addresses whether respondents liked the musical genre very much, quite a lot, a little bit, not very much or not at all.Unlike previous research that dichotomized musical tastes, focusing exclusively on the musical genres most liked (Peterson and Kern 1996) or disliked (Bryson 1996), we target the level of appreciation (or lack of appreciation) each respondent has for a particular musical genre. For space considerations a detailed overview of the clustering procedure has been omitted but is available upon request. We employed a two-stage cluster analysis (hierarchical agglomerative and -means) procedure to derive groupings of adolescent musical tastes.Cluster analysis assembles respondents based on their common responses to questions/ m easures, and is useful for identifying relatively homogenous groups, groups that are highly intetnally homogenous (members are similar to one another) and highly externally heterogeneous (members are not like members of other clusters) (Aldenderfer and Blashfield 1984). Employing cluster analysis techniques, we uncovered seven musical taste clustets. card 1 outlines the results of our cluster analysis.The largest group (n = 616) was the Club Kids, composed of those who report an to a higher place average enjoyment of techno and dance, mainstream pop, and hip-hop and rap. Next were the urban harmony enthusiasts (n = 605). Members of this group combined a strong appreciation of Rap and Hip Hop with considerable disinterest in most other musical styles. These adolescents are the primary focus ofthe current study. Then there was a plumb large (n = 482) group of youth, the New Traditionalists, who have an above average liking of classical music and opera, jazz, soul, R&B, country mu sic and mainstream pop.The fourth largest (n = 425) group, the Hard Rockers, comprised a sizeable number of heavy metal and hard rock, alternative, punk and grunge fans. Then there was a surprisingly large (n = 384) group of adolescents, the medicineal Abstainers, who are only marginally interested in any kind of music. The group we call the Ethnic Culturalists (n = 380) were so described because of a dominant preference for a quite wide range of ethnic music, as well as a greater than average liking for soul and R&B, jazz, classical music and opera, country music techno and dance, and mainstream pop.The smallest group (n = 338), the medicamental Omnivores, was composed of those who have an above average appreciation for all 11 musical genres. These clusters vary considerably, not only in the musical Listening to Rap 703 Q-CM O O U O O U O O U O O -COIOCOCOCNJCJCOIO T c3 h h c o 3 UJ CD o .Si i -T COCOCDCO s m eu rocMincDco -T CMC3 co co i Q. CL tu . S o .2 U) o tu tpcooin C NJcOCOCOcdcOCMCOM-COCNI co TCMOCI5 ? CO en (U ro o 0 Q. CL ro o en CM CM co cD t n tu . 2 2 Oi tn -D C to to CZJ eu co CNI co o tD tu. . _ 2 CD O en c o c 03 sa sV ndical . 0011 V CL ro o tu . S P o idd tn tu V p. 704 Social Forces 8H2) likes and dislikes, but also with respect to sociodemographic, socioeconomic class indicators, and measures of school experience, cultural capital, leisure patterns and subcultural delinquency (Tanner, Asbridge and Wortley 2008). Social Injustice, Property Crime and Violent Crime The sense of injustice that rap is said to speak to often involves the dealings that young people have with the police and courts.Six items in our questionnaire invited respondents to evaluate their perceptions of the equity of the criminal justice system, fairness in the educational system, and more general perceptions of the pertainity of opportunity in Canada. Some of the questions addressed racebased inequality, while others invoked age, class- and gender-based dis crimination. These hexad items were condensed into a scale and standardized (alpha = . 65) with higher values indicating greater feelings of social injustice. Respondents were also invited to report their participation in illegal activities.Our measures of crime and delinquency covered a spectrum of activities, varied by type and seriousness. Two scales items are constructed based on the following question How many times in the past year have you done any of the following things? Would you assure never, once or twice, several times, or many times? The first scale captures involvement in berth crime, including self-reported property damage, thievery under $50, break of serve into a car, stealing a car, stealing a bike, breaking and entering a home, drug dealing and theft over $50 (alpha = . 6). The second scale measures violent offending and includes carrying a hidden apparatus such as a gun or dig in public, using physical force on another soul to get money or other things, attacking someone with the idea of naughtily hurting him or her, hitting or threatening to hit a parent or teacher, getting into a physical fight with someone, and pickings part in a fight where a group of friends were up against another group (alpha = . 81). SES, School Measures and Cultural CapitalThe impact of students sociodemographic backgrounds is ab initio examined in terms of demographic variables-age, gender, Canadian identity (Do you pretend of yourself as Canadian? -a measure of perceived inclusion in Canadian society), and race. Socioeconomic status is captured through indicators of parents and family situation, and includes measures of parental educational attainment (whether or not they had attended postsecondary education), family intactness (whether or not respondents grew up in a two-parent household), a measure of subjective social class based on perceptions of family income.Next we include a set of measures related to educational attainment, experiences and exp ectations self-reported grades (proportion receiving loosely As), skipping school, gap from school, educational stream (general or academic stream) and a more evaluative question about the degree of importance that young people attached to education. Listening to Rap 705 Finally, we include a measure of respondents own cultural capital activities.While mainly used as an business relationship of educational and occupational attainment (DiMaggio 1982 DiMaggio and Mohr 1995 Aschaffenburg and Maas 1997), measures of cultural capital have also been deployed to uncover dispositions, or orientations, towards the arts (Bourdieu 1984 Swartz 1997). We use it here as a further measure ofthe characteristics and lifestyles ofthe audience for rap-its possession bestowing status upon individuals and the music that they listen to, its absence denoting the opposite.Our seven-item cultural capital index comprises both traditional highbrow pursuits-going to the symphony, visiting museums-and the s orts of respectable leisure activities (playing a musical instrument, attention cultural events, going to the library, reading a book for pleasure and hobbies) that contribute to the cultural resources available to young people. The sum of these seven items is standardized and has an alpha of . 65. descriptive statistics and other details on all measures can be found in Appendix A. Analytic Procedure Multivariate logistic simple regression is employed in four separate analyses.First, a strong preference for Rap and Hip/Hop- creation an Urban euphony Enthusiast-is regressed on sociodemographic, socioeconomic status and school measures. Next, we regress being an Urban Music Enthusiast on sociodemographic, socioeconomic status and school measures for three racial groups-white, black and Asian/South Asian youth. For each racial group we run four separate models that include baseline measures only, followed by models that add social injustice, property crime and violent crime. All ana lyses were conducted with the Stata 8. computer program (StataCorp 2001) using the survey commands that account for intra-cluster correlation due to the complex sampling strategy. Results We can cursorily confirm the enormous popularity of rap with our respondents. It has the highest average approval rating of any musical genre, with some 33 percent of students saying that they liked it very much, and 21 percent saying that they liked it quite a lot. Rap clearly appeals to a broad range of young listeners and is, therefore very much part of a common music culture among high school students.But our cluster analysis (Table 1) also isolates a group of students who enjoy rap music and little else. Examining the approval radng for each music genre relative to the cluster means, where scores approaching 1 designate a strong approval ofthe genre, and scores approaching 5 indicate a strong dislike, demonstrates that Urban Music Enthusiasts have a strong preference for rap and hip-hop, reg gae and dance hall a more inhibit liking for soul and R&B, and a below average liking for all other musical genres.We think that our Urban Music Enthusiasts fit the profile of music univores-individuals who appreciate a few musical styles while disliking everything 706 Social Forces mi) else-as described in the research of Peterson (1992) and Bryson (1997). Bryson links univorous taste among American adults to low status, particular racial and ethnic groups, and regional differences. She also notes that univorous taste, when compared to omnivorous taste, is more likely to be related to what she calls subcultural spheres. (Bryson 1997147) Our Urban Music Enthusiasts depend to be rap univores who may also be adhering to sub-cultural spheres. Of the 605 Urban Music Enthusiasts in our sample, 275 A6%) are black, 117 (19%) are white, 115 (19%) are Asian or South Asian, and 98 (16%) are from other racial groups. These figures tell us that young black people still comprise the central component of the rap audience moreover, roughly 57 percent of black youth is Urban Music Enthusiasts). At the same time, we observe evidence of a significant racial crossover. White Urban Music Enthusiasts constitute 8. 6 percent of the white students in our sample, while Asian Urban Music Enthusiasts make up 9. 5 percent of all Asian students.The racial composition of the Urban Music Enthusiast taste culture prompts two further questions Eirst, of the black students surveyed, what factors in addition to race predict their univorous interest in rap? Second, of white and Asian students, what factors encourage their involvement in an essentially black music culture, an involvement that clearly sets them apart from other white and Asian students? Table 2 provides results for Urban Music Enthusiasts membership regressed on sociodemographic, socioeconomic status and school measures, with separate analyses for white, black and Asian/South Asian young people.Paying particular attention to the findings for each racial group, what is common to all three groups of Urban Music Enthusiasts is that, compared to other students in our sample, they are poorly endowed with cultural capital and are not especially good students. Few other background factors have any significant or consistent impact upon a disposition towards Urban Music. For white students, parental SES, family structure and subjective social class, have no bearing upon their musical preferences, whereas school suspension and poor grades are strong predictors.For black students. Urban Music enthusiasm is more common among younger students and those less likely to identify as Canadian. Being a black youth identified as an Urban Music Enthusiast is also strongly related to growing up in a single-parent family and skipping school. For their part, Asian/South Asian youth are something of an anomaly-among them. Urban Music Enthusiasm is positively associated with social class and having well-educated mothers-but lik e other Urban Music Enthusiasts it is also strongly related to school suspension and skipping school.We are less interested, however, in the sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors that may lead to being an Urban Music Enthusiast than in the relationship between being a Urban Music Enthusiast and representations of rap-either as part of a culture of resistance and/or as a basis for subcultural delinquency. Tables 3 through 5 describe the distribution of being an Urban Music Enthusiast across three racial groups (white, black, Asian/South Asian) as shaped by perceptions Listening to Rap 707 I i I u (O re (/ CO o (U 1. 76 4. 37 ,01a V re . r o U c n t CO CO cr CD CO CO CD CM CNl T CD CN? -iCO CNJ . CNj CO r-1 2 . o o CO CO c n 0 5 t-- M ,59c ,55c I CO ro ro CNl CD c n r CO CZ CO CO CNJ cu CD CO CO CNl CO o CNI m E cn o O) T T LO r CO CNl CN LO CD CZ CM LO e n LO CO CD LO CM o ro CNJ c n CO CO u o O r-. CO h T CO CM -sj- CO CO CO ,41 ro CO u o u CO CO CO CO LO o ro ro CM LO T CO T c u LO c n -. 11 -3. 67 Tl- CNl l CO cp h.. LO cn CO T LO CO CO C35 CNJ CNl C D CO h CJ) CO CD LO CNl c n CO LO CNl c n CI3 c n r CO CD CO CO T- CU T CO CO r l CO CD CO h- CO J ro c j o LO LO r- I CO CT CO LO CD CO o I co O5 o lO Tt lO t * CM t co LO r T co CD csi ro g co E Q S o 0 CM 05 EntlNusi ts Memi nd Vioie Prop iociai Stice t-ratlo _o , 0 E o. E Q. / fV le 0 S 0 rat g CO t- -aO5 CIS co co CM r. CM r i r j co cz co co OO m LO co r-.. co T en lO CM LO CO o r cz CM r UO OO T l I CD 1 LO CD T O CSI CO CO T T- T- OO CO oq LO O I 05 h co LO C3 CSl i T- c s i T- c s i re re 3 s o 0 CM LO * O CD CD CJ C 3 CO T CO co Ti i.. OO co T 1 CM CD O ) OO CD co eu r O r co CD ci u 3 S ice a Bas iViod _o d) ro .? 5 S V 3 iO r- co CM CM LO CD CD CM LO CD LO co o LO T T- T cri i- c o h c o CM o CD CM OO h- oq CO csi T- csi T- CD s c 0 ?ai ir 1 ? ir _3 s oc 0 CSJ T I CD CD c o CN co OO co i csi CSI C3 co CD T t co O CD o 3 o u 0 coiSS ? 3 (O re CL O) O a ro . re 0) Logi . O fe 5 5 ID ? -O Et iyMA-d3. 1997. What About the Univores? Musical Dislikes and Group-Based identity operator wind Among Americans with Low Levels of Education. Poetics 25(2-3) 141-56. Chen, Meng-Jinn J. , Brenda Miller, Joel Grube and Elizabeth Waiters. 2006. Music, Substance Use and Aggression. journal of Studies on Alcohol 67(3)373-81. Cohen, Stanley. 973. kinship group Devils and Moral Panics. MacCibbons and Kee. 1980. 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Descriptive Statistics for all Measures Variables Independent Measures fester Gender Do you identify yourself as Canadian Race cryptanalysis Years Male Female Mean/ Cases Percent 3331 1696 1700 2533 16. 62 49. 9 50. 1 74. 8 25. 39. 4 14. 2 11. 5 19. 3 15. 7 31. 5 68. 4 27. 0 73. 0 76. 7 23. 3 3. 26 Yes No White Black Asian South Asian different 850 1334 Father Received Postsecondary Education Mother Received Postsecondary Education Two-Parent Fa mily 480 391 653 531 1073 2327 inherent Social Class 1 (poor) to 5 (rich) Z-score Cultural Capital vacant (index of frequency of involvement in playing a musical instrument, attending cultural events, volunteering, going to meetings/ belonging to organizations, going to the library, going to the symphony or opera, going to the museum, reading a book for pleasure, and involvement with hobbies, with an a=. O). induce been suspended from school at least once Have skipped school at least once Primarily receive A Grades Educational Stream Education is Important Part of Life Yes No Yes No Yes No 917 2483 2609 791 3032 3325 Yes No Yes No Yes No Educational General 450 2950 2493 907 1092 2308 2642 13. 2 86. 8 73. 3 26. 7 32. 1 7. 9 78. 0 22. 0 71. 8 28. 2 18. 7 81. 3 736 2309 Yes No 905 605 2625 3277Dependent Measures Yes Urban Music Enthusiasts No Social Injustice (index of amount of agreement or Z-score disagreement regarding the following statements people from my racial group are mo re likely to be unfairly stopped and questioned by the police than people from other racial groups discrimination makes it hard for people from my racial group to find a good job discrimination makes it difficult for people from my racial group to get good marks in school students from rich families have an easier time getting ahead than students from poor families everyone has an equal chance of getting ahead in Canada it is rare for an innocent person to be wrongly sent to jail, with an a=. 65). continued on the following page 722 Social Forces 88(2 Appendix A. ontinued Coding Variables Independent Measures Property Crime (index of frequency of involvement Z-score in breaking into cars, minor theft under $50, property damage, stealing bikes, breaking and entering into homes, stealing cars, major theft over $50, and drug dealing, with an pi=. 86), _ . Violent Crime (index of frequency of carrying a hidden Z-score weapon like a gun or knife in public, using physical force on anoth er person to get money or other things attacked someone with the idea of severely hurting that person, hit or threatened to hit a parent or teacher, getting into a physical fight with someone, and taken part in a fight where a group of friends were up against another arouD. with an a=. 81). Mean/ Cases Percent 3344 3288 Copyright of Social Forces is the property of University of North Carolina Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to quaternary sites or